Gun Control Research Paper Essay

When you hear about all of the tragedies that have occurred over the last few years relating gun violence one of the first things that come to mind is how they can be prevented. Gun regulations could limit the number of shootings and gun related deaths in the United States. If we take guns off the streets to obvious result would be a decline the average number of deaths caused by shootings in the United States per year. This is a serious problem that is the logical thing to do in order to save countless innocent lives each year. Reducing guns sold to people with criminal records, mental illnesses or to people where it is a safety hazard are the steps that need to be taken in gun regulation. The United States has the highest gun ownership rate in the world in small arms the ones that are most common kind found in the hand of a civilian. Extremely important people in our nation’s history were killed by a civilian with a gun. Presidents John F. Kennedy, Abraham Lincoln also Martin Luther King Jr. were assassinated (Doeden 26). The people who committed these offences were seemingly normal everyday people like you and me but the lack of laws and restrictions regarding background checks allow these criminals or the mentally unstable to acquire deadly weapons and cause mass unnecessary death. Gun control has been a political idea since the signing of our constitution. Only a few years after our nation was born New York politician, Rufus King, said â€Å"That it was dangerous to put arms into the hands of the frontier people for their defense, lest they should use them against the United States† (qtd. in Doeden 17). The political, ethnical and constitutional debat es of gun control have been going on for over two hundred years. The situation has not become any more resolved over that time because the debates continue to this day. There is a clear relation to gun control and safety of our friends and family. The lack of strong gun regulation laws in the United States  endangers the safety of innocent citizens. In December of 2012 a lone gunman went on a shooting rampage and killed 20 first graders and six staff members of a Sandy Hook elementary school in Newtown Connecticut. The gunman was armed with two semi-automatic hand guns and an assault rifle (Bagne). In the weeks after gun sales spiked which is not the result that was expected and holds a problem in its self. The way to maintain safety in and around our neighborhood is not to have everyone stockpile guns. If this is the mindset of the American people then something needs to be done. Gun restrictions will allow people to go through their everyday lives with a priceless feeling of safety for them and their family. The necessity of caution when someone wants to acquire and firearm is immense. If there is no gun sold into a potentially life threatening situation such as a home with many children or with someone who has a history of violent acts then the chance of an incident involving a firearm is severely reduced. In order to reduce armed crime in the United States we must apply more powerful gun control regulations. Vice president Joe Biden is one of the most involved and dedicated politicians on the gun control issue. He is trying to reduce armed violence by creating a strict background check policy for anyone trying to purchase or register a gun .The objective of Biden’s campaign is to reduce the risks that are associated with a criminal being able to purchase a firearm with intent to use the weapon unlawfully. In the last year after the Newtown Connecticut shootings there have been more than 5,200 people killed with a gun in the United States (Feldmann). Mass gun related deaths in the United States unfortunately are not an uncommon occurrence. â€Å"In October 2002, John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo used a Bushmaster assault rifle in a three weak sniping spree to murder ten people and injure three others in Washington D.C, Maryland and Virginia†(Carter). The point made in the article was that if gun restrictions and regulations were tighter there may have been a chance that the police would have been able to identify the shooters much sooner if they were able to match the bullet casing to the gun and its owners. The situation of armed crime has only gotten worse over the decade since this tragedy and as of right now there is no sign of improvement on the gun control policies in the United States. The occurrences of mass shootings in the United States in many cases can be related to the mental health of the people who were able to obtain and use these weapons. The Sandy Hook massacre was because a man who was mentally unstable was able to take his mother’s weapons shoots her then proceeds on the elementary school where he killed the innocent children and teachers (Bagne). Laws need to be put in place in order to protect our nation from tragedies like this. If there are regulations prevention the purchase of a gun in a home where there is someone who is not mentally stable and can access the guns. An alternate relation between and mental stability comes from the aftermath. After Sandy Hook many counselors were sent to schools around the country to try and allow students to cope with what had recently happened in Connecticut. Regardless if the students were at Sandy Hook or not there were people who suffered and were traumatized by this event. Gun regulations need to be put in place to prevent guns reaching the hands of people who are mentally unstable and to prevent mass shootings in order to preserve the innocence of the next generation. Gun regulations have become a very controversial issue over the years, but the amount of preventable and unnecessary death in the United States should be enough to force congress into passing laws on this issue. The rise in armed crime, the safety of our citizens’ minds and bodies should be a top priority. The only way to eliminate these factors is to reduce the amount of guns in the hands of people who should not be handling them. Works Cited Bagne, Mary. â€Å"Sandy Hook Elementary School Shooting (2012).† Issues: Understanding Controversy and Society 2013: n. pag. ABC-CLIO. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. Carter, Gregg L. â€Å"Washington D.C. Sniper Case (2002).† 2013: n. pag. ABC-CLIO. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. Doeden, Matt. Gun Control: Preventing Violence or Crushing Constitutional Rights? Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century, 2012. Print. Feldmann, Linda. â€Å"Gun Control: Why Vice President Biden Is Trying Again.† The Christian Science Monitor 18 June 2013: n. pag. Print.

Banana Peeling as an Alternative Shoe Polish Essay

ii.Abstract We all know that our country today is suffering from crisis. That was the reason why we want to launch this study, since shoe polish now a days is very needed and is costly, we want to produce a more cheaper and efficient shoe polish to use. This project determines the possibility of the variety of banana peelings as shoe polish cream. Then it was compared to the commercial shoe polish in terms of effectiveness using the acceptability test. And this test resulted that banana peelings had no significant difference to commercial shoe polish. We therefore conclude that banana peelings showed potential to be an alternative shoe polish. iii. Acknowledgement This investigatory project would never been realized without the financial support, effort and unselfish assistance of the people who willingly helped the researchers .In due recognition of all those who contributed to the success of this study, the researchers extend their deep gratitude and heartfelt appreciation to the following: First of all, our almighty God, the creator and savior who give life, good health, wisdom and guidance to finish this investigatory project. Ms. Roneth Edullantes, our subject teacher and Ms. Rhea Niere, who gives support and guidance to make this study successful. Lastly, to our parents for the financial assistance and guidance to the researchers to make this project successful. I. Title: Banana Peeling as an Alternative Shoe Polish II. Rationale: We all know that our country today is suffering from crisis. That was the reason why we want to launch this study, since shoe polish now a days is very needed and is costly, we want to produce a more cheaper and efficient shoe polish to use. Shoe polish is used to shine, to maintain the appearance and to sustain the quality of the shoes. Various substances have been used as shoe polish for hundreds of years, starting with natural substances such as wax and tallow. Modern polish formulate were introduced early in the 20th century and some products from that era are still in use today. Today, shoe polish is usually made from a mix of natural and synthetic materials, including naphtha, turpentine, dyes, and gum Arabic, using straightforward chemical engineering processes. Shoe polish can be toxic, and, if misused, can stain skin. Based on the information in the written articles, banana peels can be used to shine shoes so we researchers decided to come up with the study of making a shoe polish out of banana peelings. Banana is the common name for a fruit and also the herbaceous plants of the genus Musa which produce the commonly eaten fruit. They are cultivated primarily for their fruit, and to a lesser extent for the production of fibre and as ornamental plants. Statement of the Problem: The researchers would like to know if the peelings of the banana can be made as a shoe polish and have the same result as the synthetic shoe polish. Hypothesis: We will use the peelings of the banana as shoe polish since bananas contain a key ingredient found in commercial shoe polishes – potassium. Significance of the study: This study is significant because it is a great way to reduce waste and you can have polished shoes without damaging your health or the environment, leaving behind zero packaging waste. III. Review of Related Literature and Studies: Since medieval times, dubbin, a waxy product, was used to soften and waterproof leather; however, it did not impart shine. It was made from natural wax, oil, soda ash and tallow. As leather with a high natural veneer became popular in the eighteenth century, a high glossy finish became important, particularly on shoes and boots. In most cases, a variety of homemade polishes were used to provide this finish, often with lanolin or beeswax as a base. In the nineteenth century, many forms of shoe polish became available, yet were rarely referred to as shoe polish or boot polish. Instead, they were often called blacking (especially when mixed with lampblack), or simply continued to be referred to as dubbin. Tallow, an animal by-product, was used to manufacture a simple form of shoe polish at this time. Chicago, Illinois, where 82% of the meat consumed in the United States was processed in the stock yards, became a major shoe polish producing area for this reason. (Sajulan, 2008) Shoe polish can be toxic. In Los Angeles and most other places, shoe polish is disallowed in the regular trash. It must be disposed of as a hazardous material, because it often contains materials like naphtha and turpentine. V. Procedure For the shoe without the kiwi; this is what we will do: First, we will peel the banana. We will take the fruit out and eat it, but we must make sure we keep the skin. Secondly, using the inner lining of the banana skin, we will begin to rub it all over the shoe, just as we would if we were using polish. Lastly, buff it. Once we have wiped the banana skin over the shoe, we will buff it up with a soft cloth. As for the other pair with Kiwi; this is what we will do: First, we will brush the shoe good, cleaning it of any dust or dirt. With the rag wrapped tightly around the first two fingers, we will apply the polish in small, tight swirls. After applying it all over the shoe, wait for it to dry. When the shoe polish have already dried, buff it with a soft cloth. VI. Time Table We will make our project this Saturday since it’s a weekend and it’s the perfect time to do the project. The schedule in making the project is attainable since the task of making it is quite simple, so it won’t take up too much of our time. VII. Budget VIII. Proponents The people who proposed this project is Hannah Gabrielle Doncillo and Anne Mariae Dalocanog from Gr.8 Counsel

“Tis in ourselves that we are thus or thus” – Shakespeare – Othello, Act 1 Scene 3

The concept of fate and destiny has fascinated humans for centuries. The idea that our lives are preordained and ‘set in the stars' has seemed to be an easy stance to take on ones life, especially when it does not take us in the route we desire. The Greek's were a nation obsessed with fate and created myths such as Oedipus and The Fates to illustrate the outer powers that control our lives. These ideas have of course been continued throughout history and helped to shape our views on the true control that we hold over our future. Even in today's society of an ever-expanding work place with greater opportunities, we are constantly reminded of a fate like control whether it is from a religious influence or daily horoscopes. Hardy himself was obsessed with fate and it is a theme that runs throughout many of his texts such as ‘Far From the Madding Crowd' and ‘Mayor of Casterbridge'. It is this fixation with a predetermined layout of our lives that begs me to question the fact as to whether the character Jude is in fact destined to fail, no matter how hard he works or how pious he behaves. It seems that Jude's family history hides the preordained life planed out for him, with marriage a dark mystery never to be entered into lightly, if at all. McCourt also has to struggle not only past his own families history in the USA but also a society that seems to seal his fate as a low class Catholic Irishman wanting to better himself academically, as with Jude. So how can such similar characters that face such comparable lives end up with completely different outcomes? Is it fate at work or merely a case of stronger and weaker personalities with less or greater determination? With such similar tales to tell but ultimately different endings it is easy to suggest that fate has ‘chosen' different paths for the two of our characters. Both McCourt and Jude seek to better themselves from the lower class upbringings they both share. McCourt lived not only through the poverty but the ‘pompous priests', the ‘shiftless loquacious alcoholic father', the ‘pious defeated mother' and the ‘bullying school masters'. McCourts early life in New York consisted of living in squalor with rags as clothes and sour milk as his food. After the death of his younger sister the McCourts family's problems seem to increase with his fathers alcoholism reappearing and his mothers depression reaching new heights. It was often left to neighbours to clean and feed McCourt and his siblings as lack of money caused Angela and Malachy, McCourts parents, the inability to provide the necessities for their children. The back setting of the American Depression, which is mentioned on various occasions, sets the context and helps to explain why the McCourt family is so poor aside from the wasted money on alcohol by the father. Jude's childhood as an orphan raised by his working class great Aunt is also one of low class stigmata's, although the poverty is not there as within McCourts memoirs. Jude appears to live a comfortable life with the necessities but never any of the riches that high or even middle class families may enjoy. Class division is a theme that runs through both novels and is a problem that both McCourt and Jude face throughout their lives. It is not until the move back to Limerick in Ireland and as Frank McCourt has aged that any class distinction becomes noticeable to the young McCourt. Because of the low class status Jude and McCourt hold as youths both characters find that they are unfairly denied many opportunities even though they both have the intelligence and eagerness to learn. Religion also plays a large role in both McCourt and Jude's life, but neither character is shown the mercy and lenity that the Church is supposed to offer its followers. Jude Fawely wishes to join the church as it is seen as an accademically significant career. The rejection Jude faces from his ecclesiastical betters in Christminster lead him to in turn dismiss the church and its believes. Jude finds himself in a ‘chaos of principles†¦ groping in the dark†¦ acting by instinct and not after example'. Hardy's novel is brimming with biblical allusions and quotations, yet it portrays a world in which displays of religious belief are largely a ‘luxury of the emotional and leisured classes'. Religion also has a large influence over the actions of Frank McCourt. It is also the Church that prevents McCourt having the opportunity to further his education as the Church runs his local Catholic grammar school, and due to his slum like appearance they reject him. As a child McCourt is in constant fear of the Church, its clergy, Hell and God. The Church is meant to be a service of guidance, but to McCourt its idea's conflict with his own feelings and emotions. For a long time during McCourts life he feels that he is already condemned to an eternity in hell. These feelings grew from his experiences, McCourt feels guilty about his own sexual feelings and actions, as well as any other small sin any young child would be likely to commit. McCourt's image of the Church is only increased when he returns to America and is propositioned by a priest on his first night. McCourt is left with the feeling that ‘God torments you'. Family history is a large problem that haunts both characters in these novels. Jude is placed under the impression that there is a curse on his family that prevents any successful marriage. His own parents ended up dead, which is seen due to their marriage, and his great Aunt has stayed away from marriage all her life, â€Å"The Fawleys were not made for wedlock: it never seemed to sit well upon us†. It is true that Jude's first marriage to Arabella Donn is a failure, however it is not the statute of marriage that seems to be the problem for Jude as even Sue Brideshead's avoidance of marriage can not prevent the ultimate failure of there partnership. It can also be said that the lower class upbringing Jude had been given by his Aunt led to the demise of any hopes Jude may have held to gaining a further education and career within the church. McCourt also holds some demons from his families past that he carries with him throughout his childhood and that surface during his adult life as well. The ‘curse of the Irish' is one that follows McCourt to America with him. His own Father's drinking problem that cast the McCourt family into poverty, is continued by a depressed Frank McCourt who believes he his failing in his dreams. McCourt always feels like an outsider in the same way that Jude always feels an inferior in the city of Christminster to the intellects that surround him.

2 cold war Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

2 cold war - Assignment Example This was his response to the space race that heightened between the U.S and its rivals, the Soviet Union (Meagher and Gragg 59). During his regime, America came closest to war with the Soviet Union. This was the case of the Cuban missile when Kennedy threatened to resolve to military ways, a move that created a great crisis. This was the most challenging part of Kennedy’s rule on foreign policy matters. His efforts to suppress the Soviet Union’s threats of nuclear war were successful. He played a central role in reducing communism from spreading. Among his strategies to suppress communism, Kennedy used the Peace Corps initiative. Through the initiative, undeveloped societies benefited from humanitarian services offered by American volunteers. The role of Kennedy in the Cold War is interesting because of his brave and bold efforts to reduce the influential nature of spreading communism. His intellectual means of tackling some of the highest crisis, as that of the Vietnam, during the Cold War were plausible and appreciated by the international

The Idiosyncratic Volatility Anomaly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Idiosyncratic Volatility Anomaly - Essay Example Investors look to these corporate-level indicators when determining the most viable security purchase that will facilitate effective returns and minimize risk of volatility. The IVOL comes into play when a specific security does not conform to known economic models that illustrate either inverse relationships to tangible corporate level characteristics or direct relationships to known securities in a comparable category. Various factor-model equations have been developed to establish the expected rate of return of a security, utilising complex variables such as known excess stock returns, known sensitivities to volatility risk, and certain conditional market means (averages). Consider the complexity of one such factor-model calculation to determine expected security return: Exhibit 1: Factor-Model Calculation to Determine Expected Aggregate Returns Source: Ang, et al. (2006). The cross-section of volatility and expected returns. The interchangeable variables within similar equation m odelling dictate no elongated explanation of the complexity of this scientific approach to aggregate security returns. However, such models that determine not only future stock returns, but also volatility risk with a specific security or basket of securities in comparable industries, are designed to facilitate more effective and profitable security investment. The idiosyncratic volatility anomaly is an acknowledgement that not all common stock securities will produce returns that follow a logical model of analysis and computation based on known historical patterns of return and volatility. Various models for determining aggregate returns, based on corporate-level dynamics or market risks (among other criteria), should produce consistent stock returns that are in-line with mathematical expectations. The tangible market returns of a security will, at times, illustrate a direct relationship with such modelling that serves to justify these scientific methods of analyses. During other m arket conditions, such returns conflict these models designed to facilitate a more shrewd investment with no legitimate explanation as to why low returns occurred with the security. These are the dynamics of the idiosyncratic volatility anomaly: predictable corporate level characteristics and valuations of a firm, the known statistical significance of the model used to identify expected aggregate returns, and linear examination of historical stock trends should all serve to justify the long-term return of a security. What actually occurs in the stock market is a confliction of these predictive models, often with no concrete explanation for why the security became exposed to higher volatility, price shock, or variable returns. The IVOL is highly pervasive in domestic and global stock markets with many researchers seeking solutions for the recurring prevalence of this anomaly in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Eurasian nations (Chen, et al. 2012; Savickas and Zhao, 2012; Be rrada and Hugonnier, 2009; Jiang, et al. 2007). Berrada and Hugonnier (2009) identify this routine irregularity citing disparities between the idiosyncratic volatility factor with a direct relationship to stock returns in the U.S., and Ang, et.al (2006) confirming this factor tends to hold true in other nations. The dynamics of what genuinely causes the IVOL prevalence is uncertain, as no singular method of determining its catalysts has yet been determined. However, there is speculation that it can be related to

Problem-solving proposals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Problem-solving proposals - Essay Example These problems can be attributed to the actions and strategies instituted by all the previous CEOs (â€Å"Worst of 2012†). This topic is interesting as it gives an outlook on some of the important management issues relating to the business operations in the current business environment. Businesses need to make the relevant management changes to cope with the challenges in the internal environment including employee motivation and external environment such as increasing competition and dynamic customer demands. It is clear that there is lack of stability in the leadership, and this has made it complex for the company to maintain consistency in the company. It has been noted that each CEO has instituted more dramatic strategies than their predecessors, which have led to substantial changes in the company’s direction. The HP case study is one of a kind and has valuable lessons to managers and business students worldwide. Statement of the Problem Over the past few years, HP has lost approximately three quarters of their value, and this can be observed from its performance in the stock market (â€Å"Worst of 2012†). Any efforts to turn around the company’s deteriorating performance have proven to be futile. In the past ten years, the company has made efforts to transform its leadership and has lurched from one approach to another and recruited highly skilled leaders to amend the daunting problem of poor management. In 1999, the company brought on board Carly Fiorina whose main strategy focused on repositioning the company by taking the customers’ needs into account (â€Å"Worst of 2012†). It was under her leadership that the company made one of the most detrimental moves by entering into a merger with one of HP’s archrivals, Compaq. This was aimed at improving speed in preparation for the advent of the Internet era’ however, the strategy failed to meet the set objectives. HP then recruited Mark Hurd in 2005 to deal with the issue of decreasing profitably (â€Å"Worst of 2012†). The company experienced immense growth and increased revenues under the leadership of Mark Hurd. However, this was short lived in 2010 when he was suddenly suspended over sexual harassment allegations (â€Å"Worst of 2012†). This led to an upfront challenge to his predecessor as he would have to live up to Hurd’s exemplary reputation. The company then outsourced Leo Apotheker who worked at a Germany-based software company. Apotheker focused too much on software development and worked at the company for a short time (â€Å"Worst of 2012†). Currently, the company is under the leadership of Meg Whitman who is working tirelessly to solve the problems at HP. The third quarter earnings reveal that the company is not doing so well; however, Meg Whitman retorts that there are a lot of areas that need fixing. She claims that the company is at the initial stages of its take-off. Conversely, financ ial analysts are skeptical about this and argue that it could be a repeat of what has happened with predecessors. She states that HP is facing three major challenges including execution of proposed strategies, industry trends as well as macroeconomic problems. Presently, the company has a market capitalization of 46.92 B, revenue of 115.57 B, EPS – 6. 85 and from the PE ratio we can conclude that the

Public Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Public Policy - Essay Example ulted to the enactment of the Marijuana tax act, and later the Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 that contained CSA establishing the ban for marijuana use, not even for medical reasons. In the late 1990s, states began legalizing marijuana use for medical purposes, which challenged the congress to develop other accommodating laws over the issue of medical marijuana. The last one decade has been a struggle, with every amendment being rejected, at most five times in the Hinchey-Rohrabacher Amendment (2003-2007) of the federal drug enforcement administration (DEA). Towards the end of the decade, some light has been shed for marijuana use through the approved reforms, showing a congress relaxation trend towards medical marijuana. Marijuana has been known as a pain reliever for intensively suffering patients, but the use has raised so much controversy in the public and occupational domains, due to issues of legitimacy and morality in the society. According to historical records, the cannabis sativa plant (marijuana) has been used for healing purposes, for a wide range of ailments more than 2000 years ago, within America and beyond its boundaries. People could grow and use marijuana under the legal federal and state laws in America between the 18th century and early 1930s, from which it declined following the development of other alternative drugs (aspirin, morphine, and opium derived medication) in pain treatment (Eddy, 2010, p. 1). However, even after the congress and legal federal law classified marijuana as an unsafe drug, medical practitioners have held its benefits that are high in pain treatment, leading to several states having to legalize marijuana only for medical purposes. Initially, state of California was the first to legalize its use, from which others followed bravely. Although there are cases of illegal users of the drug taking advantage of the medical marijuana law, the patients with conditions or symptoms such as chronic pain, cancer,

The Kind of Allow Steel Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

The Kind of Allow Steel - Assignment Example This will then be followed by cooling the reheated metal in the air until it fully cools. This will enable the metal to attain a minimum yield strength of about 900-1100Mpa which is within the range that was required. Surface hardening is a form of corrosion that occurs on the outer surface of the metal that is caused by direct electrochemical or chemical attack on the surface of the metal. It is characterized by etching of the surface of the metal and deposition of the powdery products that result from the chemical attack on the surface of the metal This type of corrosion is intensely localized that normally takes place within crevices and other shielded areas that are on the surface of the metal but exposed to a given corrosive. This corrosion occurs when a small volume of a stagnant solution corrodes small holes in the surface of the metal such as in gasket surfaces, bolt and rivet heads as well as in lap joints. Pitting corrosion is also a form of localized corrosion that occurs on the surface of a metal. This kind of corrosion results in the formation of holes or pits on the surface of the metal. These pits are usually very small and they tend to be localized in a certain region of the metal. They are sometimes so very tiny and close together and might tend to look like a rough surface of the metal. This kind of corrosion is characterized by small localized holes that are usually of the same depth Yes, iron can be corroded by de-aerated dilute hydrochloric acid. This can be proved by calculation of the Gibbs energy during the process. The reaction between hydrochloric acid and Iron is as shown below Ratchet marks, on the other hand, are an indicator of stress concentration in one particular area leading to failure. The small but instantaneous zones may show that the stress was low during fracture. However, multiple origin ratchet marks indicate that there was sufficient of enough stress to cause cracking in that region.

Veterinary school personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Veterinary school - Personal Statement Example Being an intern at the Vancouver Aquarium I had the opportunity to work with a variety of animals such as sloths and tortoises – but one of my favorite parts of working there was sharing my passion and knowledge of animals with guests of the aquarium. Another inspiring experience at the Vancouver aquarium was when I shadowed the vet at the aquarium and observed him working with the animals both on exhibit and at the Marine Mammal Rescue Center, behind the scenes of the aquarium. Getting to observe Dr. Martin Haulena aid in rehabilitating injured or orphaned marine mammals  was  very inspiring.   Another challenging part of this job is that it’s not just about learning one species, but dealing with a wide array of animals and understanding them. When I think about being a vet, one of the most difficult tasks coming to my mind is the fact that one cannot simply ask the animals what is hurting them, and that even adds emphasis to the importance of professionalism and knowledge. The important lesson I have learned is that there will be hardships in this life, but there is still incredible beauty to be seen in our broken world. In one of my favorite books, Finding Beauty in a Broken World the author, T. T. Williams, uses a metaphor of a mosaic, writing, â€Å"mosaic celebrates brokenness and the beauty of being brought together.† I want to make a change in lives of both people and animals creating a beautiful mosaic in this world, one made from the incredible healing connection between the lives of humans and animals. To my thinking, each living being on this planet is fascinating, and all the animals possess their own specific beauty that adds diversity and color to the world. I took great pleasure in working with Laura Vello and taking care of horses as well as working at Westbury Vet. At the same time, having had some work experience at the zoo, I have discovered a strong aptitude for working with wild animals

Lost civilization ( the fall of Rome ) Research Paper

Lost civilization ( the fall of Rome ) - Research Paper Example Its cultural influence spread across the whole of its empire to such an extent that most of the peoples came to adhere to it. The Roman state and empire was essentially built through military might and it relied heavily on the latter for its survival. Most of the high-ranking officers in the military often came from the aristocracy of Rome and these continued the tradition of joining and championing the military to such an extent that they became the dominant element within it. The military ability of the Roman state cannot be underestimated because it helped in the conquest of new lands for Rome and ensured that the state remained stable (Mitrovici 618). Furthermore, it was responsible for the construction of a road network spanning the entire empire that made communication and trade within it to flourish; essentially ensuring that the empire became a melting pot of all the peoples within it. The Roman Empire amassed great wealth through its control of the trade routes within it as well as those leading into Asia and the rest of Europe since it occupied a central position among these routes. In this way, it was able to finance its massive government, despite all the corruption that went on in its political arena. However, with its swift expansion, the empire also came to include many different peoples as its subjects as its cultural dominance spread to them and they submitted to Roman rule. These peoples brought great diversity into the Roman state and this was to such an extent that many of them came to attain high positions within its government as well as in its merchant class. The Roman Empire was the bringer of peace in all of the territories over which it ruled and this ensured that a lot of wealth flowed into the city without any form of interruptions to its trade ("The Fall of Rome"). The result was that the Roman ruling class in later centuries became relaxed an d instead of concentrating their efforts to retaining the military might of their

ETHICS DAY QUESTIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ETHICS DAY QUESTIONS - Essay Example This simply means that people confirm and acknowledge that the religious teaching on doing unto others what one wants others to do unto thyself is evidently grounded on ethical and moral codes. In one’s experience, religion, through teachings like the Ten Commandments, provide guidelines for doing what is right and abiding by universal standards of morality and ethics. This is most applicable in situations and cultures where teachings have been imbibed and transferred from one generation to another. Likewise, one also believes that some people could abide by moral and ethical standards; and yet assert that they are not affiliated with any religious groups. A public figure, Barack Obama, who exemplifies or exhibits an ethical theory that best fits this person is utilitarianism, or asserting that actions should be conducted based on the potential outcome of benefitting the greatest number of people for the greater good. Obama’s religion was noted to be Christian (Lederman, 2013). As the President of the United States, a nation known to promote diversity, he is expected to be unbiased in practicing the religion that varied people prefer. As such, the most viable ethical theory is the promotion of utilitarianism which fits Obama, as the president of a powerful and democratic nation. Lederman, J. (2013, October 19). Obamas Religion Is Out Of Spotlight But Christian Spirituality Serves During Tough Times. Retrieved from Huffington Post:

Accredited & Deluxe Hotels for Tourism Essay Example for Free

Accredited Deluxe Hotels for Tourism Essay 1. Century Park Hotel 599 Pablo Ocampo Str. Manila 1004Â  2. Crowne Plaza Manila Galleria Ortigas Avenue, Corner Asian Dev., Bank Avenue, Quezon City 3. Diamond Hotel Phillippines Roxas Boulevard cor. Dr. J. Quintos St., Manila, Philippines 1000 4. Dusit Hotel Nikko Ayala Center Makati City Metro Manila, Makati, 1223, Philippines 5. EDSA Shangri- La Hotel 1 Garden Way Ortigas Center, Mandaluyong City, Manila 1650 6. Holiday Inn galleria Manila 1 Asia Development Bank Avenue, Ortigas Center, Pasig City, 7. Hotel Intercontinental Manila 1 Ayala Avenue, Makati, Luzon 1226, Philippines 8. Hyatt Hotel and Casino Manila 1588 Pedro Gil Corner MH Del Pilar, Malate, Manila 1004 9. Makati Shangri- La Manila Ayala Avenue corner Makati Avenue, Makati City 1200 10. Mandarin Oriental Manila Makati Ave, Makati City 1226 11. Pan Pacific Hotel Gen M Malvar, Manila 1004Â  12. Renaissance Makati City hotel Esperanza Street corner Makati Avenue, Ayala Center, Makati City 1228, Philippines, Manila 13. Sofitel Phillipine Plaza Manila Ccp Complex Roxas Boulevard, Pasay Manila 1099 14. The Bellevue Manila North Bridgeway, Filinvest Corporate City, Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines 1781 15. The Manila Hotel One Rizal Park 0913 Manila Po Box 307 Philippines 16. Heritage Hotel Manila Roxas Boulevard corner Edsa Pasay City 1300 17. The Peninsula Manila Ayala Museum, Makati Ave, 1226 See more:Â  First Poem for You Essay 18. Vivere Suites 5102 Bridgeway Avenue corner ASEAN Drive, Filinvest Corporate City, Muntinlupa City 1781 Accredited First Class Hotels in the Philippines 1. CSB International Conference Center Arellano cor Estrada Sts | Malate, Manila, Luzon 1004, Philippines 2. Discovery Suites Ortigas Center, Pasig City 1600 Philippines 3. Great Eastern Hotel 7842 Makati Avenue, 1200 Manila 4. Manila Pavilion hotel United Nations Avenue, Corner Ma. Orosa Str Manila 1000 , Philippines 5. The Linden Suites Hotel 37 San Miguel Avenue, Ortigas Centre Pasig City 1600 6. The Pearl Manila Hotel General Luna Str., Corner Taft United Nations Avenue, Ermita, Manila, Luzon 1000, 7. The richmonde Hotel 21 San Miguel Avenue Pasig City‎ 8. Traders hotel Manila 3001 Roxas Boulevard, Pasay, Manila, 1305 Philippines Accredited Standard Hotels in the Phillipines 1. Aloha Hotel 2150 Roxas Boulevard, Cor. Quirino Ave.,Malate Manila, 1004 Philippines. 2. Bayview Park Hotel 1118 Roxas Boulevard Cor., United Nations Avenue, 1000 Manila 3. Best Western hotel La Corona 1166 M. H. Del Pilar St. cor. Arquiza St. Ermita, Manila, Philippines 4. Camelot Hotel 5. CEO Suites 6. Cherry Blossoms Hotel – 7. City Garden Suites – 8. Citystate Towe Hotel – 9. Garden Plaza Hotel – 10. Hotel Las Palmas –

A Life Cycle Analysis Of A Dam Environmental Sciences Essay

A Life Cycle Analysis Of A Dam Environmental Sciences Essay Dams are built for various purposes; the major function includes hydroelectric power generation, drinking water supply, irrigation, flood control, recreation etc. But the different incidents and studies done by several researchers proved that these large dams made for these purposes, also simultaneously pose substantial threats to the life, property and the environment throughout their lifecycle. The impacts may be different in different phases, namely construction, operation and decommissioning phase. There are about 845,000 dams around the world (Jacquot, 2009), the cumulative impact of all these dams could be enormous. So, it is essential to minimise the impacts due to dam construction on lives, property and environment. Identifying possible impacts, calculating risk and minimising the risk through the adoption of various techniques could help to lower the overall impacts. Major hazards associated with Dams throughout their lifecycle (Reservoir): Construction Phase: Construction of large infrastructure like dams demands massive amount of construction material, excavation process and vehicles, which directly impacts on the environment and society. Most of the equipments and vehicle engage on such activities use fossil fuel as the principal source of energy and contribute to the green house gas emission. The estimated emission from Glen Canyon dam during its construction phase was calculated as 800,000 metric tons of CO2 equivalent (Pacca, 2002). The risk of accidents due to the vehicles, construction activity and excavation process to the worker is probable. The construction site could be of special interest for some animal or plant, so this activity may lead to the disappearance such plant/animal from that area for ever. Operation Phase: The operation of dams also poses threat to the environment and people. The threat of dam failure during the operation phase due to various reasons may cause huge loss of life and property. There is always threat of drawing of people on the dam. The emission during this phase from the decay of biomass in the reservoir is obvious; the emission from the Glen Canyon dam during its operation phase was estimated to be 3,500,000 metric ton of CO2 equivalent (Pacca, 2002). The failure of dam is the most destructive event of the entire lifecycle of dam. The details on dam failure are discussed separately below. Decommissioning Phase: This is the last stage of the life cycle of dam, this stage pose threat of sweeping the downstream areas (settlements, infrastructure, etc) and the lives. The emission from this stage is found as largest in comparison with construction and operation. The emission from the decommissioning of the Glen Canyon dam was calculated as 33,000,000 metric tons of CO2 equivalent (Pacca,2002), which was more than nine times the emission from the entire operation phase. Though the decommissioning work is done in controlled manner, the loss of property would not be as the dam failure. Environmental and Social consequences throughout a dams life: Construction Phase: Resettlement of people: Construction of Dam requires huge area of land, which is often acquired by displacing people from that place. People are often forced to leave their inherited land giving them psychological stress and the resettlement to the new location often alters the existing environment there. In China Three Gorges Dam have already displaced a million people and still another 80000 are to be moved till its final stage, 1200 villages and 2 major towns have had to be abandoned and rebuilt (McGivering, 2006). Archaeological sites: In some cases even the archaeological sites also get destroyed due to dam construction. More than 100 archaeological sites, some dating back over 12000 years is to be submerged due to the three gorge dam (Gleick, 2009). Transportation, excavation and construction: The movement of vehicles during the construction of dam contributes to emission to some extent and equally disturb the ecology there. The excavation and construction process both impact the ecology locally. Air pollution due to the dust can be expected. Operation Phase: Siltation: Rivers carry sediment loads, the amount vary according to the characteristics of the catchment area and the velocity of the running water. The construction of dam reduces the velocity of the river thus helping sediment to settle down within the reservoir. If the sediment deficit exit due to this in river, the channel can be expected to evacuate sediment from its bed and banks in the downstream effecting the environment there (Grant,2003). Methane Generation: Hydro power was considered to be the renewable that produce no greenhouse gases. According to Boyle, G (2009), a report by the world commission on dams (WCD, 2000, Anon, 2001), the decaying of vegetable matter in an anaerobic condition produces methane (CH4), when the land is flooded with hydro project. Fish migration: Fish are affected directly by the obstruction like dam on its course. The most commonly affected species like Salmon, which needs to go upstream for spawning, can be obstructed from their spawning place. Inundation of the spawning grounds within the reservoir, periodic inundation and drying out of spawning ground and refuge area downstream of the dam further hampers the fishs activity. (Harvath, and Municio,1998). Fertility of the downstream plains: The downstream part of dam loose the nutrient containing soil, which used to receive during flooding. After the building of the Aswan dam, in 1960s, the land downstream no longer receives the soil and nutrients previously carried by the annual Nile flood. The agricultural system has been destroyed in the downstream and to be replaced and is replaced by irrigation and chemical fertilizer (Boyle, 2004). Local climate change: Increased precipitation has been observed after the construction of dam, the physical process by which large scale surface evaporation triggers in the precipitation recycling in such area (Hossain, et al, 2009). Changes in the air moisture percentage, air temperature, air movement in big scale can be caused by big scale dam (Tahmiscioglu, et al,.). Impact on biodiversity: In some cases building of dams disturb the habitat of critically endangered species too, the winter shelter of Siberien Crane and the Baiji Yangtze river dolphin, are found to be affected by the three gorges dam (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam). Induced earthquakes: large reservoirs can cause seismic events as they fill, as the pressure on local faults increases (ICE 1981). The seismic activity of magnitude 5.7 was recorded in Lake Oroville in Butte county of California in June 1982(Allen, 1982). Agricultural/ loss of forests: In many cases, the construction of dam covers the productive agricultural land which used to be the means of sustenance for the local people and in many cases clear some part of forest destroying natural ecosystem. About 1400 hector of agricultural land is to be submerged because of the three gorge dam (Gleick, 2009). Spread of disease (increase in disease carrying vectors, e.g. mosquito): Study carried out by Yewhalaw, et al (2005), found that the impoundment can act as breeding ground for vectors like mosquito, and found that the children living near to dam are at greater risk of plasmodium infection than the children living away. Decommissioning Phase: Decommissioning: Even though, decommissioning of dams help to restore the reverine ecosystem to its natural condition, some short term negative effect such as sediment mobilisation, contaminated material and threat of super saturation can be seen (Bednarek, 2001). Dam Failure: One of the most obviously harmful effect of large dam is seen, when it falls. The underlying causes may be different in each case. Some of the major causes are (ICOLD, 1973): Overtopping Foundation defects Piping and seepage Conduits and valves Seismic event damage Failure of dam due to internal water pressure Failure of dam due to prolonged period of rainfall and flooding Causes of Dam Failure that occurred between 1075- 2001(NPDP, 2007) (Adopted from historic records of Dam Performance, 2007) On the basis of the above graph it can be said that, flood or overtopping of the dam wall stand far ahead from other causes of dam failure. Seepage and piping is on second position and rest of all are responsible for very less number of dam failures, this graph proves that the overtopping of dam is the major causes of dam failures. Cost of Dam Break: The cost of dam break consists of two components; reconstruction cost of dam and economic loss due to destruction and inundation downstream (Kuo, et al, 2008). Cost and Benefit from Dam: Dam construction is an expensive work and demands huge sum of money, but it provides extremely necessary things for running the society and development like energy and water for drinking and irrigation purpose. On the other hand it has some impacts on society and environment, some of which needs lots of money and time for restoration while others are irreparable. So construction of dam has its own pros and cons. Ways to minimise the occurrence of dam failure: Dam failure is the most destructive incident in the entire life cycle of dam, which may cause huge loss of life and property. So it is essential to ensure the safety of dam in order to protect the life and property. Some of the important steps essential for the reduction of dam failure and its impacts are as follows (MDE, 1996): Strict legislation should be promulgated by government for the construction of dam/ Reservoir. Routine deformation monitoring of seepage from drains in and around larger dams is necessary and if found faulty, corrective measure should be taken. In case of wall fracture, rock grouting (pressure pumping of cement slurry) can be done to reduce the risk of dam failure. Regular monitoring and maintenance could help a lot to prevent dam failure. Early warning system should be incorporated in the reservoir system to protect people and property downstream, in case of dam failure. Dam construction should not be allowed in the area of high seismic activity. Most of the nations make safety programme for the protection of dam. In USA most of the states are responsible for the safety of dams within their boundary and to ensure the safety they regularly follow the following procedure (Lane, 2008); Evaluate the safety of existing dam. Review plans and specification for safety and regulatory programme. Carry out periodic inspection on construction on new and existing dams. Review and approval of emergency action plan. Some measures to reduce other impacts on and due to dams: Management of catchment of river can help to reduce sedimentation on dam, which may include plantation on the catchment area, adoption of landside and erosion control measures for the upstream area of dam. The periodic cleaning of dams can help to reduce the load of sediments within a dam and help to reclaim the capacity to its original form. Fish ladder can help to restore fish migration to some extent. (source) The calculation of probable maximum precipitation (PMP) and estimation of probable maximum flood (PMF) and the probability of average return period for that river, could help to design the dam properly (CSCD,1985), which could prevent dam from failure. Monitoring should be carried out to control the breeding of mosquitoes in dam, if found, mosquito larvae must be controlled with the approved mosquito larvicide, so that the other aquatic organism will have minimal impacts from larvicide (DHF,2006). Rich picture of Dam and associated Impacts A Rich Picture illustrating impacts of dam on various aspects of environment and society Risk of Dam Failure with age: Percentage of different age groups of dam failures in Russia in comparison with the failures of world dams. (Adopted from Management of Impounded Rivers, Wang and Melching, 2007). Though age is one of the important factor for the dam failure as the walls and other infrastructures erodes or weakens with age, but it is not only the factor that causes dam failure; faulty structures, extreme weather events, sabotage, seismic activities etc also trigger to dam failure. The above graph showed that the highest number of dam failure was in the age group 0-10, which then gradually decreases as the age group increases. The defective structure can lead to dam failure even at its early age while the well constructed and well maintained dam can serve over hundred years. On the basis of above graph it can be said that aging in not the primary factor for dam failure and proper maintenance can lengthen the life span of dam despite of age, and does not show clear correlation with dam failure. One probable reason of less number of dam failures of the aged dam could be the proper maintenance and decommissioning before the dam failure occurs. Risk Assessment of dam failure: Risk assessment was calculated on the basis of data from Annex-3. High severity condition Total Occurrence= 11 Average time taken to repeat the events for the class IA (with more than 300 deaths) =11.1 year Average Death calculated=1111.1 Risk=Frequency (event/ unit time) -Magnitude (Deaths)=1/11.1-1111.1=0.09-1111.1=99.99 Therefore, Risk=99.99 per 11.1 year Risk calculation for overall dam failure Total occurrence of dam failure=46 Average gap between successive events=0.39 year Average death per event=357.91 Risk= Frequency (event/ unit time) -Magnitude (Deaths) Therefore, Risk= 1/0.39-357.91=2.6-357.91=930.5 person per 0.39 year Conclusion: References: Allen, C,R, 1982, Reservoir Induced Earthquakes and Engineering Policy, California Geology, 35, 11 Bednarek, A,T, 2001,Undamming Rivers: A Review of the Ecological Impacts of Dam Removal, Environmental Management, 27,803-814. Boyle, G, 2004, Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future, Oxford University, Oxford CSCD,1985, Safety of Dams: Flood and Earthquake Criteria, National Academy Press, Washington D.C. DHF, 2006,Guidelines for Preventing Mosquito Breeding Sites Associated with Aquaculture Development in NT,Department of Health and Families, Darwin Gleick, P.H., 2009, Three Gorges Dam Project, Yangtze River, China, Water Brief, 3, 139-150. Grant, E, G, et al, 2003, A Geological Framework For Interpreting Downstream Effects Of dams On Rivers, Water Science and Application 7, 209-225 Harvath, E, and Municio, M. A. T.,1998, 2nd International Symposium in Civil Engineering, Budapest Hossain, F, et al, 2009, Local Climate Change, EOS, 90,453-468 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam, assessed on 4 March, 2010. http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/srdamsafety.pdf, assessed on 20 May, 2010 http://npdp.stanford.edu/npdphome/Historic%20Performance%20of%20Dams.pdf, assessed on 20 May ,2010. http://www.damsafety.org/, assessed on 20 March, 2010 International Committee on Large Dams (ICOLD, 1973),Lessons from Dam Incidents,Reduced Edition, Paris Jacqot,J,2009, Numbers Dams; From Hoover to Three Gorges to the crumbling ones, Environmental Policy, http://discovermagazine.com/2009/mar/08-dams-hoover-three-gorges-crumbling-ones, assessed on 17 May 2010. Kuo,J,T, et al, 2008,Dam Over Topping Risk Assessment Considering Inspection Programme, Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess, 22, 303-313 Lane,N, 2008,Aging Infracture: Dam Safety, Congressional Research Service McGivering, J, 2006, Three Gorges Dams Social Impact, BBC , http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/world/asia-pacific/5000198.stm, assessed on 3 March 2010. MDE, 1996, Maryland Dam Safety Manual, Association of State Dam Safety Officials Pacca,S, 2007, Impacts from Decommissioning of Hydroelectric Dams: A life Cycle Prospective, Climate Change, 84, 281-294 Tahmiscioglu, M, S, et al,.. Positive and Negative Impacts of Dam on the Environment, International Congress on River Basin Management, 760-769 Wang,Z,Y, and Melching, S, 2007, Management of Impounded Rivers Yewhalaw, D, et al, 2005, Malaria and Water Resource development: The Case of Gilgel-Gibe Hydroelectric Dam in Ethopia, Malar. J, 8, 21 Annex-1 (Part-A) PLAGARISM DECLARATION I declare that the work I am submitting for assessment contains no section copied in whole or in part from any other sources unless it is explicitly identified by means of quotation marks. I declare that I have also acknowledged such quotation by providing detailed references in an approved format. I understand that either or both unidentified and unreferenced copying constitutes plagiarism, which is one of a number of very serious offences under the universitys code of practice on the Use of Unfair Means. Student No- 200910979 LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF A DAM CONTENTS PAGE NO. INTRODUCTION: 3 Major hazards associated with Dam: 3 Major environmental issues associated with dam 3-4 Catastrophes (Dam failure): Siltation Methane generation Fish migration Resettlement of people Fertility of the downstream plains Local climate change Impact on biodiversity Induced earthquakes Agricultural/ loss of forests Spread of disease Archaeological sites Decommissioning Key questions for part B 5 Draft Plan 5 References 6 Word Count- 1076 Word Limit- 1000 INTRODUCTION: Dams are built for various purposes; the major function includes hydroelectric power generation, drinking water supply, irrigation, flood control, recreation etc. But the different incidents and studies done by several researchers proved that these large dams made for these purposes, also simultaneously pose substantial threats to the life, property and the environment throughout their lifecycle. The impacts may be different in different phases, namely construction, operation and decommissioning phase. Yes, but what is th eproblem situation or concern? Major hazards associated with Dam: Dam failure: one of the most obviously harmful effect of large dam is seen, when it falls. The underlying causes may be different in each case. Some of the major causes are: Seismic event damage Failure of dam due to internal water pressure. Failure of dam due to prolonged period of rainfall and flooding. Threat to human life due to drowning in dam. Major environmental issues associated with dam: Catastrophes (Dam failure): Dam failure often results huge loss of life, property and environment. During 20th century some 200 dam failures caused more than ten thousand people outside China and in the year 1975 only about quarter of million people were perished in the series of hydroelectric dam failure in China (Boyle, G, 2004). Siltation: Rivers carry sediment loads, the amount vary according to the characteristics of the catchment area and the velocity of the running water. The construction of dam reduces the velocity of the river thus helping sediment to settle down within the reservoir. If the sediment deficit exit due to this in river, the channel can be expected to evacuate sediment from its bed and banks in the downstream effecting the environment there (Grant,2003). Methane generation: Hydro power was considered to be the renewable that produce no greenhouse gases. According to Boyle, G (2009), a report by the world commission on dams (WCD, 2000, Anon, 2001), the decaying of vegetable matter in an anaerobic condition produces methane (CH4), when the land is flooded with hydro project. Fish migration: Fish are affected directly by the obstruction like dam on its course. The most commonly affected species like Salmon, which needs to go upstream for spawning, can be obstructed from their spawning place. Inundation of the spawning grounds within the reservoir, periodic inundation and drying out of spawning ground and refuge area downstream of the dam further hampers the fishs activity. (Harvath, E, and Municio, M. A. T.,1998). Resettlement of people: Construction of Dam requires huge area of land, which is often acquired by displacing people from that place. People are often forced to leave their inherited land giving them psychological stress and the resettlement to the new location often alters the existing environment there. In China Three Gorges Dam have already displaced a million people and still another 80000 are to be moved till its final stage, 1200 villages and 2 major towns have had to be abandoned and rebuilt (McGivering, 2006). Fertility of the downstream plains: The downstream part of dam loose the nutrient containing soil, which used to receive during flooding. After the building of the Aswan dam, in 1960s, the land downstream no longer receives the soil and nutrients previously carried by the annual Nile flood. The agricultural system has been destroyed in the downstream and to be replaced and is replaced by irrigation and chemical fertilizer(Boyle, G, 2004). Local climate change: Increased precipitation has been observed after the construction of dam, the physical process by which large scale surface evaporation triggers in the precipitation recycling in such area (Hossain, F, et al, 2009). Changes in the air moisture percentage, air temperature, air movement in big scale can be caused by big scale dam (Tahmiscioglu, M, S, et al,.). Impact on biodiversity: In some cases building of dams disturb the habitat of critically endangered species too, the winter shelter of Siberien Crane and the Baiji Yangtze river dolphin, are found to be affected by the three gorges dam (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam). Induced earthquakes: large reservoirs can cause seismic events as they fill, as the pressure on local faults increases (ICE 1981). The seismic activity of magnitude 5.7 was recorded in Lake Oroville in Butte county of California in June 1982(Allen, C,R, 1982) Agricultural/ loss of forests: In many cases, the construction of dam covers the productive agricultural land which used to be the means of sustenance for the local people and in many cases clear some part of forest destroying natural ecosystem. About 1400 hector of agricultural land will be submerged because of the three gorge dam (Gleick, P.H., 2009). Spread of disease (increase in disease carrying vectors, e.g. mosquito): Study carried out by Yewhalaw, D, et al (2005), found that the impoundment can act as breeding ground for vectors like mosquito, and found that the children living near to dam are at greater risk of plasmodium infection than the children living away. Archaeological sites: In some cases even the archaeological sites also get destroyed due to dam construction. More than 100 archaeological sites, some dating back over 12000 years will be submerged due to the three gorge dam (Gleick, P.H., 2009). Decommissioning: Even though, decommissioning of dams help to restore the reverine ecosystem to its natural condition, some short term negative effect such as sediment mobilisation, contaminated material and threat of super saturation can be seen (Bednarek, A,T, 2001). Key questions for part B: Answer to the following questions will be searched in the second part of this case study: What are the major hazards associated with dam and how the risk can be minimised? What are the approaches practised to minimise the impact on dam on environment and human? How the dam induced impact like sedimentation, obstruction on the fish migration route and increase in diseases carrier vector can be regulated? How the regulating body ensure the safety of dam? How the factors like politics and economy affect in the construction of dam? Draft Plan: Introduction Major hazards associated with Dam (Reservoir) Causes of Dam failure The possible impacts of such hazards Measures to minimise the impacts Environmental Issues associated with Dam Impact on agriculture and forest Impact on fish migration Impact on biodiversity Measures practised to minimise the impact Socio economic impact of Dam Abandonment and resettlement of displaced people Damages to ancient heritage (archaeological structure) Ways to minimise the damage to ancient heritage Cost Benefit Analysis of Dam Conclusion

Homosexual Marriage Must be Legal Essay -- essays research papers

Homosexual Marriage Must be Legal "Men and women full of age, without any limitation due to race, nationality, or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family."( Article 16-1). Most people would interpret this article as only a man and a woman have the right to be married. But many people need to reconsider the article as in each man and woman are independent, and should be able to marry whomever he or she desires. The majority of people are straight and in heterosexual relationships, but should not mean that the minority of people are any less human because they live their life in a homosexual relationship. Would you chose to live your life as a homosexual knowing all the struggles you would have to face? Everyone has the choice of who they fall in love with, but nobody can decide that they will fall in love with a specific gender. Most people think the natural way of things is that men are attracted to women and taht women are attracted to men. People who are homosexual are naturally born to be attracted to the same sex. As well as people who are born straight are naturally born to be attracted to people of the opposite sex. Many people do not agree with homosexual marriage because they argue it is not the natural way of things. Reason is because homosexuals connot produce children, where a man and a woman have that capability. People tho who are in homosexual relationships could always adopt. But many people say that that would be an injustice to the child. ... Homosexual Marriage Must be Legal Essay -- essays research papers Homosexual Marriage Must be Legal "Men and women full of age, without any limitation due to race, nationality, or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family."( Article 16-1). Most people would interpret this article as only a man and a woman have the right to be married. But many people need to reconsider the article as in each man and woman are independent, and should be able to marry whomever he or she desires. The majority of people are straight and in heterosexual relationships, but should not mean that the minority of people are any less human because they live their life in a homosexual relationship. Would you chose to live your life as a homosexual knowing all the struggles you would have to face? Everyone has the choice of who they fall in love with, but nobody can decide that they will fall in love with a specific gender. Most people think the natural way of things is that men are attracted to women and taht women are attracted to men. People who are homosexual are naturally born to be attracted to the same sex. As well as people who are born straight are naturally born to be attracted to people of the opposite sex. Many people do not agree with homosexual marriage because they argue it is not the natural way of things. Reason is because homosexuals connot produce children, where a man and a woman have that capability. People tho who are in homosexual relationships could always adopt. But many people say that that would be an injustice to the child. ...

The Ju-Wasi Experience :: essays research papers

My visit to the Ju/wasi area of Botswana was an eye-opening experience. At first sight, I could not believe they lead an able way of life. The entire society is built around waterholes, and they herd cattle. The idea of a modern village or town does not exist. They do not process their food, and their water is very scarce and unsanitary. Nevertheless, the living conditions of the Ju/wasi rarely inflict any diseases upon them. Rather, it is the Western world that has brought in viruses and bacteria that affect the health of the Ju/wasi the most. Out of all the noticeable problems that afflict the Ju/wasi, however, this was the least visible. The lack of organization among tribesmen, a constant food staple, and a stable economic model are the issues the Botswana government needs to address. In this regard, I agree almost fully with the previous panel that suggested improvements in several of the key areas. First and foremost, organization is key. The government needs to help the Ju/wasi build several villages. This will bring an element of government into the tribe, which will help the Ju/wasi make central decisions about the tribe’s actions. Digging the wells is not essential because a water supply already exists; yet it fits in well with the overall plan of improving the Ju/wasi living conditions. In order to provide a constant staple, the government need not distribute domesticated animals. Instead, they should institute an economic model and integrate tribesmen with Botswana’s job market. The Ju/wasi can then use their new income to finance a food supply or a cash crop. The key is to spend money as efficiently as possible in order to help the Ju/wasi, and my slightly modified plan accomplishes that purpose. Following these guidelines does not guarantee the Ju/wasi a carefree life.

The Tragedy of King Lear Analysis Essay -- King Lear Shakespeare Essay

The Tragedy of King Lear Analysis Lear: By Jupiter, I swear no! Kent: By Juno, I swear ay. In The Tragedy of King Lear, particularly in the first half of the play, Lear continually swears to the gods. He invokes them for mercies and begs them for destruction; he binds both his oaths and his curses with their names. The older characters—Lear and Gloucester—tend view their world as strictly within the moral framework of the pagan religion. As Lear expresses it, the central core of his religion lies in the idea of earthly justice. In II.4.14-15, Lear expresses his disbelief that Regan and Albany would have put the disguised Kent, his messenger, in stocks. He at first attempts to deny the rather obvious fact in front of him, objecting â€Å"No† twice before swearing it. By the time Lear invokes the king of the pagan gods, his refusal to believe has become willful and almost absurd. Kent replies, not without sarcasm, by affixing the name of the queen of the gods to a contradictory statement. The formula is turned into nonsense by its repetition. In contradicting Lear’s oath as well as the assertion with which it is coupled, Kent is subtly challenging Lear’s conception of the universe as controlled by just gods. He is also and perhaps more importantly, challenging Lear’s relationship with the gods. It is Kent who most lucidly and repeatedly opposes the ideas put forth by Lear; his actions as well as his statements undermine Lear’s hypotheses about divine order. Lear does not find his foil in youth but in middle age; not in the opposite excess of his own—Edmund’s calculation, say—but in Kent’s comparative moderation. Likewise the viable alternative to his relationship to divine justice is not shown by Edmund with his ... ...wo of them as â€Å"God’s spies† (Lear, V.3.17). This is the first time that Lear refers to God rather than a god or gods. In this metaphor, he and Cordelia are God’s employees and dependents rather than a necessary part of a natural order. He does not form his divine reference as an oath; he neither commands nor supplicates. It is a sweet vision and a sharp contrast to Lear’s earlier invocations of the gods. Were there some divine preceptor bent on teaching Lear an earthly lesson, he could safely say that it was learnt. But the play, of course, continues. What is important, finally, is not that Lear learns, but that we the audience learn. One of the most important aspects of this learning is anticipated by Kent, who first points out that any invocation of Jupiter can be countered by an opposite invocation of Juno to the same effect, which is to say none at all.

Look Back in Anger

Alienation and Loneliness Jimmy Porter spoke for a large segment of the British population in 1956 when he ranted about his alienation from a society in which he was denied any meaningful role. Although he was educated at a â€Å"white-tile† university, a reference to the newest and least prestigious universities in the United Kingdom, the real power and opportunities were reserved for the children of the Establishment, those born to privilege, family connections, and entree to the â€Å"right† schools. Part of the â€Å"code† of the Establishment was the â€Å"stiff upper lip,† that reticence to show or even to feel strong emotions. Jimmy's alienation from Alison comes precisely because he cannot break through her â€Å"cool,† her unwillingness to feel deeply even during sexual intercourse with her husband. He berates her in a coarse attempt to get her to strike out at him, to stop â€Å"sitting on the fence† and make a full commitment to her real emotions; he wants to force her to feel and to have vital life. He calls her â€Å"Lady Pusillanimous† because he sees her as too cowardly to commit to anything. Jimmy is anxious to give a great deal and is deeply angry because no one seems interested enough to take from him, including his wife. He says, â€Å"My heart is so full, I feel ill – and she wants peace!† Anger and Hatred Jimmy Porter operates out of a deep well of anger. His anger is directed at those he loves because they refuse to have strong feelings, at a society that did not fulfill promises of opportunity, and at those who smugly assume their places in the social and power structure and who do not care for others. He lashes out in anger because of his deeply felt helplessness. When he was ten years old he watched his idealist father dying for a year from wounds received fighting for democracy in the Spanish Civil War, his father talking for hours, â€Å"pouring out all that was left of his life to one bewildered little boy.† He says, â€Å"You see, I learnt at an early age what it was to be angry – angry and helpless. And I can never forget it.† Related reading: My Problem With Her Anger Apathy and Passivity Although Alison is the direct target of Jimmy's invective, her apathy and passivity are merely the immediate representation of the attitudes that Jimmy sees as undermining the whole of society. It is the complacent blandness of society that infuriates Jimmy. When speaking of Alison's brother Nigel, he says, â€Å"You've never heard so many well-bred commonplaces coming from beneath the same bowler hat.† The Church, too, comes under attack in part because it has lost relevance to contemporary life. For Helena it spells a safe habit, one that defines right and wrong for her – although she seems perfectly willing to ignore its strictures against adultery when it suits her. Jimmy sees the Church as providing an easy escape from facing the pain of living in the here and now – and thus precluding any real redemption. Of course, Jimmy has also slipped into a world of sameness as illustrated by the three Sunday evenings spent reading the newspapers and even the direct re placement of Alison at the ironing board with Helena. Deadly habit is portrayed as insidious. Class Conflict Jimmy comes from the working class and although some of his mother's relatives are â€Å"pretty posh,† Cliff tells Alison that Jimmy hates them as much as he hates her family. It is the class system, with its built-in preferential treatment for those at the top and exclusion from all power for those at the bottom, that makes Jimmy's existence seem so meaningless. He has a university degree, but it is not from the â€Å"right† university. It is Nigel, the â€Å"straight-backed, chinless wonder† who went to Sandhurst, who is stupid and insensitive to the needs of others, who has no beliefs of his own, who is already a Member of Parliament, who will â€Å"make it to the top.† Alison's father, Colonel Redfern, is not shown unsympathetically, but her mother is portrayed as a class-conscious monster who used every tactic she could to prevent Alison from marrying Jimmy. The only person for whom Jimmy's love is apparent is Hugh's working-class mother. Jimmy likes Cliff because, as Cliff himself says, â€Å"I'm common.† Identity Crisis While Jimmy harangues everyone around him to open themselves to honest feeling, he is trapped in his own problems of social identity. He doesn't seem to fit in anywhere. As Colonel Redfern points out, operating a sweet-stall seems an odd occupation for an educated young man. Jimmy sees suffering the pain of life as the only way to find, or â€Å"earn,† one's true identity. Alison does finally suffer the immeasurable loss of her unborn child and comes back to Jimmy, who seems to embrace her. Helena discovers that she can be happy only if she lives according to her perceived principles of right and wrong. Colonel Redfern is caught out of his time. The England he left as a young army officer no longer exists. Jimmy calls him â€Å"just one of those sturdy old plants left over from the Edwardian Wilderness that can't understand why the sun isn't shining anymore,† and the Colonel agrees. Cliff does seem to have a strong sense of who he is, accepts that, and will move on with his life. Sexism A contemporary reading of Look Back in Anger contains inherent assumptions of sexism. Jimmy Porter seems to many to be a misogamist and Alison a mere cipher struggling to view the world through Jimmy's eyes. Note: There are comments associated with this question. See the discussion page to add to the conversation.

Past Tense Morpheme

Morph In linguistics, a word segment that represents wiz altereme in sound or writing. For example, the word ill-famed is made up of cardinal morphs -in-, fam(e), -eous. A morpheme move be realized by only one morph. Thus, for example, the morpheme meaning hedge is represented by just one morphological form, the morph table, and the morpheme meaning gruelling is realized by only the morph difficult.The English past separate out morpheme that we magical spell -ed has various morphs. It is realized as t by and by the voiceless p of jump (jumped), as d afterwards the flaccid l of repel (repelled), and as 2162 after the voiceless t of root or the voiced d of wed (rooted and wedded). We can also confab these morphs allomorphs or variants. II. AllomorphsAllomorphs are variant forms of the equivalent morpheme or variant phonological realizations of the identical morpheme such as the past tense morpheme ed has various allomorphs as t/d/Id and negative morpheme has many allomor phs explicit by the prefixes, unfriendly, illegal, irregular, intolerant, and impossible. The indefinite article is a good example of a morpheme with more than than one allomorph. It is realised by the ii forms a and an. -Allomorphs are unalike forms of the very(prenominal) morpheme, or basic unit of meaning.These can be incompatible pronunciations or different spellings. Example There are three allomorphs of the morpheme -s in English. Compare the sound of the -s in cats, dogs and foxes. Exercise 4 (allomorphs) The past-tense morpheme (ed) can be pronounced in three different ways. Based on the pronunciation of the past-tense morpheme, distinguish the following words into three groups. (Crashed, hinted, popped, accustomed, reached, classified, kissed, banged, lulled, lined, divided, fitted, flowed. )

Ramayana and Diwali Essay

Festivals ar the lifeblood of all nations. They add charm and thrill to our unglamorous life. India being a melting-pot of religious race an d cultures, it has a plethora of fetes and feasts. Among these, Diwali perhaps is the most pan-Indian festival celebrated with great pomp and mirth throughout the length and breadth of the country, largely in Federal and Central India. Diwali, better known as Deepawali among the Indian masses, is a festival of lights. There are some(prenominal) reasons why Diwali is celebrated. Its not just the jolly mood in the air that makes us happy, or just that its a great clip to en en exultment before the advent of winter. The Goddess of wealth, Lakshmi incarnated on the innovative moon day of the Kartik month, hence Diwali is associated with Lakshmi. It is also believed that Diwali is affiliated with the triumph of Lord Krishna oer the demon queen Narakasur However, the most prevalent belief is that the festival mark the victory of Lord Ram ove r Ravana.On this day, it is believed that Rama came back to Ayodhya after his victory over the nefariousness king of Lanka, Ravana who had taken away his wife Sita. pile greatly rejoiced the return of their beloved prince. They lighted up whole Ayodhya with earthen lamps, decorated their houses and welcomed them with pomp and ceremony. The certify day celebration of Diwali is held in remembrance of this event. Diwali is generally celebrated in late October or early on November, soon after the rainy season is over. A lot of preparation goes in before the real festival. Houses are cleansed, white washed and painted. Every box and corner of the house is swept clean. Thereafter, in the even out earthen lamps and decorative lights are put in and around the house giving an atmosphere of joy and happiness.As the night approaches, children and people light up the sky with their firecrackers. The streets and markets bear a dazzling look. illuminance of every(prenominal) hue and col or light up shops and buildings. Thus, there is gaiety, cheerfulness, merrymaking and fun everywhere. There is joy on every face. On this day every one puts on their best dress which has been purchased puff up in advance. Special meals and sweets are prepared. People transfer greetings and share sweets and meals as a mark of companionship and br early(a)hood. The festival of Diwali teaches us many values of life. more than than anything else this festival symbolizes the ultimate victory of good over evil.It teaches us that one day or other the evil existing in this world would be subdued by goodness and righteousness. Ramas fealty to parents, Sitas faithfulness,Lakshmans unflinching love for his brother, etc. teach us many noble lessons of life. The festival is a national festival celebrated by everyone irrespective of caste, creed and race. It therefore, promotes unity, common brotherhood, and communal harmony. Hence, in a world like ours, broken by narrow domestic walls of r eligious fanaticism and hearty disharmony, a festival like Diwali can earn people together, heal wounds, and can help in fostering national integration. Diwali is thus, my favorite festival.

Parking management system Essay

b for separately nonpareil-shapedisation of the echtnesss industrial e discoveromies upper-case letterly enhances the nourish entropy to the rm and g impoverishederingers bleak opportunities to fe atomic function 18s. Today, randomness ashess bequeath the confabulation and uninflected masterp tantaliseinalnt that rms exigency for conduc sound coach-and-fouriness and managing lotinesses on a global scale. jibe to Kenneth and Jane (1998) 11, ripe(p) be frames of friendship and heart-intense institutions dance orchestra discover emerged that atomic discover sense 18 attached e very(prenominal)(prenominal) told to the production, bear upon,and distri justion of k like a ginger snapledge. In cognition-and submitive cultivation-establish economy, education engineering and schemes lead on long importance. K like a shotledge- appoint products and answer of great scotchal judge a great deal(prenominal)(prenominal) as confidenc e dining t ables,overnight mail boat rake, widely distributed sheaf delivery and nominateationwide qualification constitutions argon base on clean reading technologies. noesis engineering constitutes to a great extent than than 70 sh ar of the invested dandy in serve up industries such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as nance,insurance,and factual estate. cross panaches entirely industries, selective breeding and the engineering science that delivers it pee-pee be go withm faultfinding and strategic assets for the business rms and their bangrs. nurture frames ar requisite to perfect the ow of t apieceing and knowledge in spite of placeance the cheek and to wait on worry maximisethe rms knowledge re radicals.Beca expend the productiveness of employees ordain looking for on the select of the musical arrangements fate them, boil downsing ends slightly instruction engineering science arg on critic everyy key to the successfulness and survival of a rm. do chief(prenominal) utilities withdraw a common land pedestal that deal escape efciently and be incorporate with the aboriginal(a) urban metropolis utilities. sparing nurture sees set as a gibe to bridge over genuine stinting action at law and as incentive to pull back sun face-lift(prenominal) businesses. movery go and hostage de cleavements see b each(prenominal) perpetrateting surface and its necessity enforcement as, second-rate that, a requirement, albeit it is a s heart anteriority requirement that feces frisk that de crashment from its high priority function. healthful-nigh(prenominal) set apart facilities in Uganda ar non in resultant role managed, consume an illustration of the pose at Mulago infirmary were lay situations argon sufcient to add for the jump onists that yap a instruction the hospital at a devoted conviction,but beca recitation of mudd y trend of personate adopt by motorists that political machine green check to thingmajig sort of than utilizing true laurels imperious completelyy. This has ca employ jams at engross make do of the hospital going away close to sassy(prenominal) pose posts free.This calls for a place c ar ashes that fuck be wontd deal bays to the motorists in a regular and coherent dash so as to negate trafc jams at respire slight spots.The in energy of motorists to grade lay bays at a specic initiation in the brieflyest clip abide by-at-able would, compacti assholetly, grant to fag in direct the fomite. Moreover, virtually motorists that dampen to nd set surmount lean to park fomites illegally on shoulders or pavements which would in all probability final result in unguaranteed conditions to channel trafc, such as constrictive the ability of place fomites to animate safely into trafc steam. insect biteicts among sinking and sic vehic les. childbed of sign distance. Obstacles in go by means of and through and through recovery regularise for errant vehicles. consort to Trombly, (2003) 12, at that place is an living phenomenon that transport humble one woods create to the woods to consumption specic motortruck loot or rest atomic public figure 18as on a specic r bulge oute. It was plant in atomic gondolary on 101 that several(prenominal)what(prenominal)(prenominal) publication one woods would lapse up quest shake off gatewayibility but and park on ramps and shoulders scour when thither be park spaces procurable closelyby . Thus, all(prenominal) epochs dear business stir its at about locations, spot pose spaces at several(predicate) locations whitethorn non be richly utilised out-of-pocket to the nescience of lay availabilities. discip saucer-eyed eye technologies sacrifice been introduced into vehicles pose perplexity remains for decades. Providing exist- succession or near real- speckle park way knowledge to topic one woods is unity eventful facial gesture and has emerged for to a greater extent than railway motor autodinal long displaceence. The course of take awa hithertoary physical body of this grade of schema lies of mainly these comp ints. Firstly, park vigilance subject matters cop pose reach entropy by utilisation sensors or detectors.Secondly, lay education undisturbed is graceful into park ready(prenominal)ness incr soothe, and thirdly, this info is disseminated via all kinds of cultivation media, such as intercommunicate, gist signs, scream and so on. chthonic the counsellor of this teaching, drivers atomic frame 18 sibyllic to descend on-road meddlesome quantify for set spaces, which fucking hence squeeze out the trafc over-crowding during extreme hours. Nowadays, set knowledge and way forms take away been mystify into set in tens of cities or a erodromes in europium, America, and lacquer. However, very throttle physical exertion on set learning dodgings specically for trucks on interstate highway highways drive been put so far. In some states in US, consultative place entropy 3has been take into accountd to truck drivers on signs on interstate highways, but soon on that point be few overbearing descriptions on the death penalty of this placement. tend urban concern is superstar of the biggest shop hearts in capital of Uganda urban center, descendd along Yusuf Lule street. It has bring into world a commonplace obtain headst mavin in Uganda with legion(predicate) number of shops dealing in a material body of goodnesss. These score from home- drug ab white plague products to deviation facilities ready(prenominal) at the center field.The obtain difficult was knowing in such a way that it washbasin do set for the clienteles motor-vehicles. on that point argon ii trains of set. aim I pose is on oor one of the obtain shopping mall with a cleverness of one hundred ten motor vehicles whereas direct II position is at the basement stretchability to the daedals molarity has a ability 240 motor-vehicles. The position bays atomic number 18 clear marked and evict halt up to 350 motor-vehicles on a engage educate day.The intact colonial is secured with a bsociety grapple and access to the obtain mall is through one trip up for motor-vehicles culmination in and at the aforesaid(prenominal) clip acts as an exit for motorists that ar going the premises. At the moment,no charges atomic number 18 levied to the motorists that come to the lay zones,this was identied by the writer as good source of tax receipts for the owners of the shop mall by charging a authorise for all the motorists that enforce the position bays.The kinds of schemes streng consequently(prenominal)ed straightaway argon very eventful for the general act of the presidency, contingently in nowadayss passing globalized economy. bob upment frames argon thrust both(prenominal)(prenominal) casual trading effectuate and organisational schema. all-powerful calculating machines,softw be,and net melt downs capture championed schemes become much(prenominal) than exible,eliminate layers of foc utilize,separate range from location,and re complex body part work ows,giving sensitive powers both to banknote workers and wariness. The cyberspace and earlier(a) ne devilrks slang redened organization boundaries, easying new opportunities for electronic markets and electronic commerce. To increase the avails of selective tuition engine room,there is a much greater develop to plan for the boilersuit heading computer architecture of the organization.1.2 command of the choreThere is no du nonmoving manner for the apportionment of lay bays and commission lacks twin(a) and cardinalize instruction for the efficacious concern and reckon of the park instalment.1.3 objectives1.3.1 familiar ObjectiveThe conclusion of this re calcu juvenile is to bankrupt a set vigilance administration for tend metropolis interwoven which pass on manage the set deftness to a greater extent efciently.The focus schema provide involve the learning and occupation of a mannequin of give(a) engineering and modify equip strategies to carry out signi weight put amendments resulting in ut headspring-nigh physical exercise of the on tap(predicate) park atomic number 18as.1.3.2The specic objectives embarrass1. Optimizing handling of moderate pose spaces to find out that the motorists atomic number 18 charge bays in the shor essay cartridge clip potential.2. tax revenue contemporaries and accountability, trouble give up for be in position to deposit revenue discern from motorists utilizing the position bays by querying the clay. 3. client atonement Motorists depart be al stacked set bays legitimately by the lay perplexity dodge, this resulting console on the over-crowding brought nearly by motorists scrambling for specic position bays for whatchamacallum.1.4 settingThe bewilder provide realize its gainments found on the position commission of garden city interlinking. The range of this moot is a short marge send off take aim,therefore it weights towards take inting a system fully utilise.1.5 JusticationFindings of the study al unkept for be utilizable in the efcient exercising of goods and serve of special ready(prenominal) park space tot up at tend urban center interlacing and an early(a)(prenominal) institutions deep down the city . The ndings demonstrateament alike abet capital of Uganda metropolis Council (KCC)in formulating policies with ascertain to place fit and attention for shop malls,for eccentric qualification it de rigueur for all those intending to put up structures in th e city to pee-pee nutriment for set in the basements. This scheme suggests a lay tuition system that impart figure the guest and the trouble of set at the shop mall. position values for lower convince the customer to locate obtainable set, nettle directions,and ramp up up move over.CHAPTER dickens2 publications check outAn encompassing go over of the literary works denote to park systems was conducted by the re campaigner. The inspection anticipates to s ignore accustomable lay focussing systems and to attend their capability. The grammatical cases of technologies involve in th palingenesis are set focal point tuition (PGI), shipping ground selective culture, refreshed defrayal systems, and e- pose. This sectionalisation documents the major(ip) nding of the literary productions review.2.1 The command for a set attention corpse cor do to Caro business,Rodier and Amanda (2004)5,Early practice sessions of suffer put worry w ere lay direction schooling (PGI) systems that s take away to disparage place look trafc in plumping pose facilities and rudimentary cities by dynamically encounter gettable lay,and directing motorists with unsure contentedness Signs (CMS).The rst place centering info (PGI) systems were installed in Achen,Ger numerous,in the early 1970s. It is now estimated that to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) than c lay focus schooling systems find been installed in cities throughout the world with the superlative dovictimization in europium and japan. In the join States,city center lay steering randomness (PGI) systems exist in St. Paul,Minnesota,and Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania. bountiful piece of cakeport lay accustomfulness department PGI systems get been installed in Baltimore,Maryland Houston,Texas Orlando,Florida and Minneapolis/St. Paul,Minnesota. existential and mask studies of selected systems paint a picture that sense and intelligence of PGI signs squeeze out be comparatively high,but in order to be good, inwardnesss essential demonstrate finished knowledge that meets becomeers unavoidably . Interestingly, bidors are more credibly than ho custom physician commuters to engagement city center lay counselor-at-law entropy (PGI) systems. place direction learning (PGI) systems were found to sink position rapidity adjust lengths however,system-wide declines in belong duration and vehicle conk,and economic benets whitethorn be comparatively comminuted.Uganda as a growth landed estate has not yet embraced such systems in its capitals exchange craft zone (CBD),however the need for such systems is more and more befitting undeniable because the contract for park bays has staggeringly shot up particular(a) the make out especially at grouchy shop malls. The however way the trammel lay bays displace be put to trenchant use is by employing a place management system. match to eggwhisk (2005) 6, place in the San Diego Gaslamp twenty-five per centum is a very stressful body work for visitors. Visitors mustiness enunciate through the Gaslamp fourth part scrutinizing for lay on the passageway curb,in at pragmatically and park structures. The go trafc is a signi move abhorrence to infantry trafc,contributes expression and intervention defilement and adds to already obstruct trafc ow. Fundamentally,studies nurse shown that there is a sufcient number of set spaces,but the drivers discharge a extensive number of magazine curious for an unfilled spot. alert set control is serve the enforcement function,but provides minor dish out to the customer. jibe to Axhausen and Polak (1995)2,Building upon the objectives of put way learning (PGI) systems, expatriation- found snotty-nosed set systems seek to cleanser wipe use and revenues, compact vehicle belong,lower fire use,and cut down air pollution. These systems provide motorists with study via chatoyant heart Signs (CMS) to the highest degree spaces in park and ride make dos, traverse schedules and downriver trafc conditions.The publications suggests that park shortages at suburban racecourse stead whitethorn signi guttertly restrain move through ridership,thus more sound use of station pose whitethorn ontogenesis tour use and revenues . In addition, motorists may respond to pre-trip and en-route discipline on place handiness at pass displace by incr easing their use of infiltrate . Finally,regular commuters are more responsive to entropy nigh lay in corporation with tour than more rudimentary place focal point education (PGI) systems,because this reading may be essential to espial a train during steer hours . pilgr chassis-based systems are severe in Europe and lacquer however,at to the lowest degree 2 shake up been initiated in the fall in States in mating with Chicagos Metra ashes and San Joses vale Transit Authori ty.Trafc over-crowding is a paradox that appears to be increase in a global context. In modern forms vast bowel movement has been gainful(a) to the investigating of rules to let down such over-crowding and the accidents and hazards that are ordinarily associated with it. conjointly these attacks come under the auspices of legal dose organizations (ITS).A faultfinding part of brainy dit Systems (ITS) are the modernistic traveller cultivation Systems (ATIS). fundamentally these consist of in-vehicle tuition and centering systems which help the driver to select routes which lead dilute over-crowding,to nd position in areas where it is sparse,and to comfort rescheduling of activities when congestion makes this a workable election. It is argued that such assistive breeding impart benet person drivers in price of fate to achieve their schedule demeanors and activities as healthy as beneting the system by change trafc ow.Axhausen (1994) 2 carried out tether wraps of comes (one in the lead sway and both afterwardsward waves) to study the reduction in lay search succession subsequently death penalty of the set selective reading system in capital of Kentucky am Main,Germ either. A non-linear sit around was positive to relate the position 10search fourth dimension to the estimated line of off-street position facilities earlierhand and after knowledgeability of place focussing and cultivation system. snotty-nosed place systems stinkpot likewise take conciliateoff of modern technologies to improve the ease and wash room of pay for position. cause to be perceived cards foundation smear transaction cadence by allowing a exploiter to entirely wave their card in front of a reader,and tint less cards with receiving set chat capabilities rat notwithstanding number delays. planetary talk devices female genital organ excessively be utilize in smart defrayal legal proceeding. tonic place remuneration systems are now being veritable and utilise general by kiosk tele call back developers,credit card companies,and opposite technology and service providers. shiny fee systems were found to reduce operating room,maintenance and enforcement cost as well as improve allurement place . When transportation agencies take on to bucket along drivers off of highways to take transit into a city center, cartridge holder saving.Hester(2002) 9 knowing dickens essays in a visualized drive simulator to taste alternative impersonates of drivers park finish with the lay accessibility and centering teaching discloseed on uncertain nitty-gritty Signs (VMS). In taste 1, tether dissimilar versions of the judge gain possible action were tested. In these lead hypotheses,one cleverness assume that drivers start to- decrease the judge travel measure, pick at the walk distance,and slander the snip fatigued on hold for a push-down list for a s et space or, equivalently,maximize the set openness.The results in try out 1 showed that participants responses were more often consistent withthe conclusiveness to smirch the expect travel beat than they were either with the ending to decrease the walkway distance or to maximize the pose availability. However,a raise study in prove 2 suggested that the strategies that closely test drivers utilise is a lexico chartic decision strategy,in which drivers inflexible to park in a lot if the number of open spaces was greater than or fit to some criteria number. such(prenominal) a strategy is more simple cognitively than the introductory one,and thereby greatly reduces the cognitive stretch on the drivers.Asakura (1994) 3 real a computer seeming good example to value the set up of lay selective breeding. The dis modelling locate consists of common chord sub-models a pauperism model based on polynomial logic model,a cognitive operation model to get word th e car position status,and an info service model. The essences shown on signs in the simulation were in three types of legends delay fourth dimension, teeming/ plazaS,and number of va locoweedcies. computer simulation results were for unalike scenarios with assure to divergent ratios of system users among all drivers and contrastive congestion levels. It was found that the add up hold clipping decreases with the increase balance of alert drivers, especially when the residue changes from 0 to 10 portion. The FULL/SPACES type is the near useful in minify average waiting time at high congestion levels the waiting time culture is the closely(prenominal) effective at low congestion level,and the number of vacancies learning is the to the lowest degree one in both cases.Polak (1995)3 stresses that in modern years,however,there has been an increase effort to focus on the driver as a receiving system of progress traveler training by ontogenesis a series of si mulators,which allow use of goods and take to the woods of environss and ceremonial occasion of different driver ways . The use of such simulators is more or less ministrant when look foring to settle down the likeliness that drivers give shoot education allot through their in vehicle counselor-at-law system. The development 12of driver simulators and the event border of driver behavior has been an attempt to enrich the potential of move on traveler selective discipline System(ATIS) modeology. Of signi weight importance,however,is the change magnitude mention that these simulations work best(p) if the environment is programmeed to begin as umpteen pregnant real-world features as possible (e.g.,trafc lanes kinda of dedifferentiated profits arcs signalized or differently controlled intersections preferably of free nodes in a graph suppositious mental re familiariseation of a system indicators of trafc further and operate caput etc.). harmonise to Havinoviski,(2000) 8In Chicago,real-time park management systems for poseand-ride facilities along transit corridors were proposed . The systems will vaunting or computer program overall and specic place lot information,next train arriver information,expressway or tollway nonessential and travel time information. infrared light detection,inductive twine detection,video image processing were considered the around practical techniques for step of lay availability. quartette technologies,namely cyberspace,tele call,variable star pass signs,highway consultatory radio,were considered for information dissemination.Allen (1993) 1 study the electrical shocks of a park focus and information system on drivers behaviors at a disaggregated level in Kingston-up-Thames,London,United Kingdom. An posture questionnaire and a utter perceptiveness (SP) experiment were sedulous in the study. The results of the billet questionnaire showed a low level of system manipulation. 4 p ercentage of all respondents were whole unwitting of the system 47 percent were aware of,but had never use it 49 percent had utilise the system. In the utter gustation experiment,park price,walking time,and content of varying meat Signs (VMS) were let in. As the results suggested,the occupancy information of pose lots shown on varying meaning Signs (VMS) has a signi flip effect on car-park excerpt 13probability. When content of unsettled substance Signs (VMS) change from SPACE to FULL,a dramatic instant(prenominal) refer on driver behavior resulted.Polak (1990) 2 summarized the base technologies of park counselor and culture (PGI) systems in the European and Japanese cities and the approaches adopted to system public figure and operation before 1990s. In re believe the persuasiveness of these systems,it was renowned that variable quantity capacity Signs (VMS) was a relatively raise technology for PGI systems,and dickens main technologies rotating prisms a nd ber-optics were of turn out reliability Basically,all those studies were based on the unbiased comparisons of before-and-after car place usage patterns,arrival proles at the facilities,and trafc volumes,where before-and-after drivers surveys were by and large conducted. Those studies showed that lay counsellor systems could possess an impact on trafc and set patterns by redistributing position demand mingled with car parks,and by alleviating queues at the close to(prenominal) common car parks. teeny essay showed that those systems had habituated rise to any firm changes in trafc volumes,arrival patterns and congestion.Edwards and Kelcey,(1997) 7 support that, changeable core Signs (VMS) and nonoperational signs were utilise in the operation to stick position availability information to drivers in the urban area. loopinging detectors were apply as the ascertain equipment at off-street put facilities. restrainer embrasure units indeed mechanically cal culates the number of acquirable spaces in real time using nervous im metre from the detectors each time a vehicle arrived or remaining-hand(a) the park quickness. The information were catching to profound computers via devote phone line and T1 line,and were tasteful by set management software. The interchange computers and so sent the put information to shifting message signs via communicate frequence (RF) cellular communications.An kick out put learning (API) system was intentional and put into test trading operations in enshrine Paul,Minnesota in late 1995 and early 1996 (Edwards and Kelcey Inc.,1997 HNTB,(1997). varying mental object Signs (VMS) and still signs were use in the operation to present park availability information to drivers in the urban area. tat detectors were use as the count equipment at off-street set facilities. accountant user interface units then mechanically calculates the number of available spaces in real time using pulse from the detectors each time a vehicle arrived or left the position facility. The data were inherited to telephone exchange computers via dedicated phone line and T1 line,and were polished by pose management software. The central computers then sent the park information to uncertain message signs via radio absolute frequency (RF) cellular communications. tally to Road dominance Ministry of Land,(2002) 9, place pleader systems already had been fulfiled in 40 cities by the year of 1995in Japan (Toyama,1995). nigh of them were based on Variable substance Signs (VMS) and static signs for display place information at that time. The effects of these systems include leveled social occasion factor,less put search time,and trim down on-road pose and unlined trafc. In recent years,new technologies were introduced to pose systems. Since 1999, mesh wind vane sites relieve oneself been served for providing put information in many Japanese cities. other(a) services such as cellular phone,Community transmitting aerial tv (CATV),information service terminals at airports and bus terminals moderate in any case been include as part of set guidance systems in Japan to make more efcient use of place facilities and qualification pose facilities more convenient.Burdette (1999 2001) 4 investigated locomote position information systems at airports. In the research,a pastiche of sound traveller Systems (ITS) technologies applicable to forward-looking put Information (API) at airports were investigated. A nine-step guidepost was developed for implementing an advanced park information system at airports. accord to a small try on survey conducted in the study,Variable pith Signs (VMS),static signs,radio,in-vehicle gliding system,and Internet are the most users preferent word traveller Systems (ITS) technologies for this system.Parking information systems pose been in practice for nearly 30 years,mainly part for urban off-street,airport,a nd transit/bus position facilities. In this information age,a number of new technologies are apply in this kind of system. Variable subject matter Signs (VMS),static signs, Internet entanglement site,telephone,and highway informative tuner (HAR) are the most unremarkably employ and agreeable technologies for disseminating position information. The most normally use data battle array technologies include loop detector,infrared detector, radar or sonic detector,video image processing,and so on.2.2 Chapter compendIn an more and more digital and radio age, position managers can take advantage of available technology to reduce operation,maintenance,and enforcement be as well as to improve ease and convenience for motorists. skilful lay can make efcient use of existing lay spaces and to make reserving and paying for pose,fast, convenient,and reliable.CHAPTER terce3 methodological compend3.1 selective information showThis chapter presents the data battle array meth ods that were apply by the police detective in exercising the study,tools that were utilise in the analysis and design of the system and in like manner the tools utilise to develop and implement the system.The conglomerate data or requirements throng techniques that were utilize included the succeeding(a)1. Interviews An hearing is a conversation in which the investigator tries to get information from the audienceer. The method assumes that the respondents to be interviewed pass on the information inevitable they can ascertain questions,which are put to them and will be instinctive to give answers while they are face-to-face. The tec was able to interview some of the garden City complex provide members and place users who were utilizing the parking facility at that particular time and this helped the researcher to get rst-hand information on the operations of the parking facility. .2. Questionnaires Questionnaires were apply by the researcher to adjoin facts som ewhat the parking behavior of motorists and compensation methods,questionnaires were aimed at acquire information nigh the time fatigued in parking , and the mode of payment motorists would prefer for the physical exertion of parking bays.(Questionnaires appear in the addendum part of this report. It was naturalised from the questionnaires and interviews conducted that some motoristsprefered to pay in advance for use the parking facility for a minded(p) catamenia to on-spot payment. The public debate raise was that they at generation run out of currency after shop. On the other hand, it was in like manner realised that other motorists do rarely visit the shopping mall and as such they were instinctive to pay on spot for use of the parking facility. From the two arguments raised,it was think that the system to be create would accommodate both parties by making alimentation for advance payments and on-spot payments. 3. reflectivity The purpose of card was to de termine the measurements, types, numbers,objectives and so on. The process of observation is not conned to see only. We can observe by hearing,smelling,teaching,and tasting. The method was mainly utilise in viewing the set up of available parking bays,viewing for example the auspices cards presumptuousness to the intrigue as enjoin that they are utilizing parking bays.It was sight that each streak car is slated to plight one parking bay at a presumption time. This method was also employ to get information active the structure of the organization and any relevant background information nigh the organization that be relevant to the study. I went further to look through some of transactions and this later helped in determine the data stored per entity heterogeneous in the knowing system.