What is DNA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What is DNA - Research Paper Example Researchers have assumed an extraordinary job in this advancement all things considered because of their endeavors that the comprehension of the human body has gotten conceivable. DNA which is a biochemical substance in the human body is one such model. Following the comprehension of DNA, it has become a significant instrument utilized by scientific specialists and it has become a significant piece of the criminal equity framework. DNA which represents deoxyribonucleic corrosive is a biochemical particle that is essentially comprised of two DNA fastens that are integral to one another. These chains are interlaced polynucleotide chains whose essential units are four nucleotide subunits. The DNA atom is a helical structure with the stands being appended to one another by means of hydrogen bonds. DNA conveys the hereditary data of each person. The strands of DNA discrete and each strand is used to move of hereditary material. Any living life forms including the individuals just integrate those proteins in their body whose data is available on their DNA (Alberts 2002). The work for the disclosure DNA began towards the finish of the nineteenth century. The Swiss scientist Friedrich Miescher perceived DNA as a concoction atom in the late nineteenth century. Exploration deal with DNA proceeded and different researchers who included Phoebus Levene and Erwin Chargaff buckled down for discovering its structure and concoction holding. They set out the logical establishment which was then trailed by Watson and Crick who at long last found the helical structure of DNA and clarified the working of DNA and its hereditary coding (Pray 2008). Testing of DNA on organic materials which included body liquids, hair and the skin began in the year 1985 in U.S.A. This system is the most dependable clinical examination and is of most extreme significance in the requests of assault cases. This is on the grounds that DNA is a biochemical particle which comprises of the whole novel hereditary example of a person. The viability of these aftereffects of DNA testing from the organic materials is even over 99 percent. The primary criminal who was granted discipline following DNA testing was an attacker, Tommie Lee Andrews in the year 1987 in Florida (James 2009) . There are numerous employments of DNA. Its use in the criminal examination techniques is its most basic use. Natural materials are tried for DNA and this accommodates the conviction of hoodlums in cases which incorporate homicide just as rape. DNA testing is additionally utilized for affirming the relationship status of people. It can help with discovering lost individuals. This was genuine after the September 11 assaults in the United States when DNA testing was performed to distinguish and tell the groups of the casualties with respect to the passings of their friends and family. Moreover, paternity DNA testing can likewise help illuminating cases identified with property just as guardianship related issues. Aside from the lawful and criminal field, DNA testing has been amazingly urgent for giving forward leaps in the clinical field for the revelation of new obsessive conditions. It has likewise been useful for anthropologists to get development and human presence (Lamb 2007; Ja mes 2009). The criminal equity framework has extraordinarily changed and advanced after the utilization of DNA testing systems. DNA databases have been made in numerous nations over the globe with the end goal of appraisal and distinguishing proof of guilty parties. In the United States, constantly 2009, the FBI had the DNA tests of the considerable number of crooks who had been sentenced just as the sexual miscreants from all the conditions of the nation. Upkeep of such criminal records is one of the discoveries in

Analysis of Hazlitts Article on Travel :: Literary Analysis Travel Essays Papers

Investigation of Hazlitt's Article on Travel Hazlitt's article on movement advocates the advantages of solo travel inside one's own nation. His love for movement is solid. He calls going on an excursion one of the pleasantest things on the planet. Hazlitt focuses on that isolation while on an excursion is an unquestionable requirement, saying nature is organization enough for me, and I am never less alone than when alone. Hazlitt demands that partaking in the experience of nature with a buddy detracts from its tactile experience. He affirms gruffly: I can't see the mind of strolling and talking simultaneously. He accepts discussion occupies from the view, and that nature shouldn't be talked about, just experienced. To story about the scene while encountering it reduces it and detracts from its prompt excellence. Landscape isn't to be arranged. Everybody will have their own remarkable experience of nature, and since each experience is close to home it is vain to look at encounters. Hazlitt says: The ceaseless contrasting of notes meddles and the automatic impression of things upon the psyche, and damages the estimation. His view restricts that of Alphonse Frankenstein, who urges Victor to take a family voyage through the Chamounix, demanding that friendship in the experience aggravates its therapeutic worth. Be that as it may, Hazlitt looks for opportunity from individual men when he travels. He says t he spirit of an excursion is liberty...to figure, feel, do, similarly however one sees fit. While encountering nature in isolation, Hazlitt can value it to its full degree by getting one with nature. He says when I am in the nation I wish to vegetate like the nation. An excursion ought to be a period of opportunity and harmony, away from all things related with city life. When voyaging alone you are an animal of the moment...free everything being equal. An excursion can give a touch of breathing space to revive and renew an individual. When on an excursion, Hazlitt says he starts to feel, think and act naturally once more. He discovers delight in living while in nature: Give me the reasonable blue sky over my head, and the green turf underneath my feet...I giggle, I run, I jump, I sing for happiness. Hazlitt's language portrays the experience as being purifying, similar to an arrival to the honesty of adolescence. Hazlitt says the opportunity found in nature originates from being e ndlessly from individuals, and permitting the brain to rest.

Strategic Analysis Of Siemens Company Management Essay

Vital Analysis Of Siemens Company Management Essay This exposition will begin with a concise portrayal of Siemens, a presentation of its present statement of purpose and an assessment of the key issues/destinations which Siemens confronted and are confronting. The following section, two proper devices of investigation, PESTEL examination of the outside condition the association faces, and Porters 5-Forces investigation of the serious condition in which Siemens works; a synopsis of its key assets and capabilities, and any assets that it needs will follow these tow investigation. Finally, SWOT investigation will be applied to depict and assess the vital choices for Siemens. Siemens is Europes biggest designing conglomerate.Siemens universal central command are situated in Berlin, Munich and Erlangen, Germany. Siemens is an enhanced gathering, with business in data and interchanges, robotization and control, power, transportation, clinical and lighting organizations. The gatherings organizations have solid authority in gadgets and electrical building. Siemens has encountered critical rebuilding as of late, including divestments, acquisitions and rearrangement of divisions. Siemens has three fundamental business parts: Industry, Energy and Healthcare and it has with an aggregate of 15 divisions (Barclay, 2000). Overall Siemens and its auxiliaries utilize roughly 420,800 individuals in about 190 nations and revealed worldwide income of 76.651 billion Euros starting at 2009. Siemens AG is recorded on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, and has been recorded on the New York Stock Exchange since March 12, 2001. Crucial vision Best with most noteworthy morals that is the standard requested by Siemens present president and CEO Peter Lã ¶scher. Its strategic to locate the most ideal method of joining and building up our skill and mastery, with the goal that Siemens can productively channel them into remarkable incentive for clients. It has three guiding principle Responsible: Committed to moral and mindful activities Excellent: Achieving elite and fantastic outcomes; Innovative: Being imaginative to make reasonable worth. Siemens Strategic profile Keeping Profitable and long haul development is the business technique of Siemens, which is immediate and basic. In particular, as indicated by the report of Siemens AG, there is a few significant segments Siemens system, which is appeared in the table underneath. 2.jpg Source: http://www.siemens.com In outline, there are a few key administration systems as following. Utilizing manageability as a chance Siemens see supportability as a significant achievement factor. Maintainability fills in as the reason for Siemens future business achievement and is a key mainstay of Siemens corporate methodology. Siemens is in a solid situation to address tomorrow business difficulties, so supportability is significant. By moving its exercises in the three Sectors Industry, Energy and Healthcare, Siemens has an arrangement that empowers it to benefit from four key megatrends segment change, urbanization, environmental change and globalization. What's more, with the Siemens Environmental Portfolio, it has an especially expansive range of items and answers for natural and atmosphere security (Barney, 1986). Whats more, supportability is thought by Siemens to be firmly connected to its qualities. In the entirety of its multifaceted nature, Siemens see supportability as a commitment to a progressively fair world economy and the arrangement of vitality effective, strong items and answers for Siemens clients. In Siemens manageability is additionally the statement of a capable worker culture and an indication of firm consistence with laws and guidelines. Decent variety as a factor of accomplishment Siemens is advancing decent variety in the administration positions of the organization to a more prominent degree than at any other time. Up to these days, Siemens has given assorted variety a perpetual spot in the corporate level methodology. In Siemens culture, considering the lack of profoundly qualified individuals and segment changes, assorted variety is an essential for Siemens long haul achievement. The flexibly of qualified specialized individuals and supervisors in the industrialized world is becoming ever more tight. That makes it significantly progressively significant for Siemens to get capable individuals and to make a situation that permits them to take on key capacities in all units of Siemens-regardless of variables, for example, nationality, age, sex, root or religion. In the year 2008, Siemens applied the procedure of assorted variety into hierarchical structure. Siemens made the situation of Chief Diversity Officer and selected Jill Lee, beforehand the Chief Financial Officer of Siemens China, to the new position. Furnished with a thorough bundle of measures, Jill Lee would work in the coming a long time to meet a goal-oriented objective: By 2011 Siemens needs to have significantly extended assorted variety among the individuals from its top administration. Siemens needs to turn into the pioneer in decent variety. Conveying advancement developments, Advancement has consistently been one of the most significant components in Siemens business system. In Siemens culture, Innovations are believed to have the option to help cut costs, increment deals and accomplish higher income, and, the individuals who neglect to dispatch the privilege new item available at the ideal time will be rebuffed more seriously than any other time in recent memory. Siemens plans to turn into a pioneer in decent variety. While this is significant, Siemens right up 'til the present time stays an extremely German and brought together organization. Contenders, for example, ABB are numerous years ahead in this regard as can be seen in different measurements, for example, board structure, territorial administration or repartition of headquarter capacities. Siemens expects to turn into a pioneer in assorted variety. While this is significant, Siemens right up 'til the present time stays a German and unified organization. Contenders, for example, ABB are numerous years ahead in this regard as can be seen in different measurements, for example, board structure, local administration or repartition of headquarter capacities. Siemens means to turn into a pioneer in decent variety. While this is significant, Siemens right up 'til today stays a German and exceptionally concentrated organization. Contenders, for example, ABB are numerous years ahead in this regard as can be seen in different measurements, for example, board structure, territorial administration or repartition of headquarter capacities. Key investigation for Siemens Right off the bat, Porters five powers and PESTEL will be applied to assess the microenvironment of Siemens and a total SWOT investigation will follow to survey he key alternatives for Siemens. Doormen five powers One of the most significant division and result of Siemens is electrical gear thus Porters five powers will be applied to survey electrical hardware industry along with Siemens. Doormen five powers Level of competition The level of finishing in this industry is truly high and there are numerous enormous players in this market Dealing intensity of clients The space for clients to deal is restricted as the items are exceptionally specific and purchasers are consistently governments or enormous organizations. Haggling intensity of providers Providers who flexibly crude materials or parts to makes have small haggling power Danger of new participants: As the hardware is of high innovation, in the beginning period of this industry, the participant obstruction of this industry is high. Siemens and GE have ruled this industry for quite a long time. Danger of substitutes In any case, with the prominence of new vitality advances, some little organizations likewise entered this market with lower-cost innovation and vitality, so it is getting more and simpler to discover a subbed in some constrained field in a little scope. Level of competition: In this industry, Siemens rivals enormous players, for example, General Electric (GE) of Fairfield, Conn., and ABB of Switzerland. GE has a solid market position in this industry, while ABB has extraordinary preferences in power age and transmission. The quantity of market players in this field is enormous and the level of competition is high (Barney, 1995). Bartering intensity of clients: In different enterprises, organizations are at risk to cut their costs as they seek occupations. This is more averse to occur with mechanical electrical hardware. These items are profoundly specific and specialized, making it hard for clients to discover practically identical items at lower costs. What's more, on the grounds that these items have generally hardly any purchasers, their costs are more averse to be pushed somewhere around free-advertise powers. Haggling intensity of providers: Companies that give parts and materials to these organizations have small arranging power. The segments utilized in these complex electrical frameworks have little an incentive until theyre part of the completed item. Providers of the crude parts are very common and can undoubtedly be supplanted. The entangled idea of this hardware would likewise make it hard for providers to remove the agents and sell straightforwardly to end clients. These providers for the most part come up short on the expertise and refinement to fabricate these items. Danger of new contestants: Siemens and GE have commanded this industry for quite a long time. To run with the enormous players, another organization would require a lot of venture. The organization needs to have generally excellent believability and associations of both built up firms and governments. So the contestant obstruction for this industry is high. Danger of substitutes: some new innovations from littler organizations, which center around environmentally friendly power vitality, have presented danger on enormous organizations that comes up short on a contending item. In sun powered gear, for instance, some littler organizations are getting progressively practical as their innovation gets less expensive, while sun powered organizations may before long have the solidarity to contend with conventional force source on cost and execution, the danger from substitutes present weight on provider like Siemens. In rundown, in spite of the fact that the fruition in this industry is wild, the contestant boundary for new participants is high, whats progressively, both client and suppli

A Picinic I Have Enjoyed free essay sample

A Picnic I Have Enjoyed Last Monday was an Independence day. It was an open occasion just as my birthday. So my folks concluded that the entire family would go on an excursion. I was upbeat and energized. I was permitted to welcome a portion of my companions to go along with us. My dear companions were additionally glad to join us. We as a whole were eager to anticipate going on a cookout. On the delegated day, we all woke up promptly in the first part of the day. We went out at 6 o’clock in the first part of the day. We went to Bago where my grandparents live. We went there in our father’s vehicle. At the point when we showed up there , it was around 10 o’clock. My grandparents have a major nursery. It has a calm and quiet encompassing. There are numerous sorts of blooming plants and organic product bearing trees in their nursery. We will compose a custom exposition test on A Picinic I Have Enjoyed or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page At whatever point I go there ,I picked guavas which I like best. There are additionally swings ,a slide , a see-saw and a little pool. So I and my companions played with them joyfully. In the wake of playing, we took a rest for some time and ate. Everyone was taken care of with spread rice and chicken curry. My grandma made Shwe Yin Aye for dessert. We as a whole delighted in drinking it. Toward the evening a few of us played Monopoly game yet the rest slept for some time. At around three o’clock , we got back. On our way home, my folks took us to the renowned pagodas in Bago to give proper respect. It was exceptionally late when we arrived at home. We were exceptionally worn out that we as a whole hit the sack early and had sound rest. I think it was the excursion I have appreciated without a doubt. I will always remember it for a mind-blowing duration.

Total Synthesis Of Cp Compounds Essays - Total Synthesis

All out Synthesis Of Cp Compounds All out Synthesis of CP Compounds Man's interest with the numerous utilizations that can be found with the abuse of characteristic substances has been exhibited consistently since the beginning, yet the stage was set when the new century rolled over for natural physicists to start to concentrate on using normal mixes to support therapeutic and mechanical employments. The disclosures of penicillin, headache medicine, and other normally happening helpful mixes in the previous pieces of the century set up for the usage and misuse of naturally dynamic mixes as an atomic science. In any case, there are restrains concerning the amount we can do with what nature gives us. This puts the job of the engineered natural scientific expert at the front line of manufactured compound blend innovation. KC Nicolaou is one such pioneer. The primary objective of Nicolaou's lab is the finished amalgamation of normally happening mixes, alongside strong stage science, sub-atomic structure, combinatorial blend, and natural examinations; a p ortion of the aftereffects of Nicolaou's work include: the complete union of the anticancer specialist Toxol, the marine neurotoxins brevetoxins An and B, the anititumor operators epothilones An and B, eleutherobin and sarcodictyins, the anti-toxin vancomycin, the cholesterol-bringing down CP-particles, the immunosuppressant specialist sanglifehrin A, the anti-microbial everninomicin, and various bisorbicillinoids, for example, trichodimerol, bisorbicillinol, and bisorbibutenolide. Another case of Dr. Nicolaou's work is a paper distributed in Chemistry International entitled The Absolute Configuration and Asymmetric Total Synthesis of the CP Molecules (co-wrote by Jae-Kyu Jung, Won Hyung Yoon, Yun He, Yong-Li Zhong, and Phil Baran.) In this paper, Nicolaou and his partners portray how their objective was both the all out combination of these CP mixes (accomplished in 1999) alongside the assurance of their outright setups; techniques utilized in introductory endeavors to decide total design at various carbons included X-beam crystallography and NMR. Nicolaou set about blending this compound by considering potential responses that he may use to start to fabricate the carbon skeleton required for this atom. His group settled on a sort II intramolecular Diels-Alder response as the key advance to age of the center skeleton. The Diels-Alder response uses a dienophile so as to frame new carbon-carbon bonds in a solitary advance, for this situation to shape different ring structures. Be that as it may, Nicolaou ran into inconvenience when a few reagent-based enantioselective methodologies with the forerunner neglected to yield obvious degrees of the ideal item. After much investigation of this issue, Nicolaou's group arrived at the determination that a Lewis corrosive impetus would be their absolute best at instigating the asymmetry required for this specific total arrangement. After a few more response steps, the group had two diastereomeric diols in a racemic blend that were then changed over to enantiomeric aldehydes with TBAF and NaIO4 - initiated oxidative cleavage. After change to the indoline, the engineered compound was contrasted with the normally inferred compound utilizing NMR, TLC, and IR spectroscopy. In any case, the optical revolution of the engineered compound was inverse in size to the normally inferred CP particle; the manufactured compound was confirmed as the enantiomer of the normally happening compound round dichroism spectroscopy, and consequently, the total design was checked. This paper matches Nicolaou's examination objectives by indicating how this group decided the outright arrangement of an intricate compound they integrated from an a lot less complex particle (glycidol). It likewise shows the significance of procedures used to decide structure and substance of complex atoms, for example, NMR and IR spectroscopy. Folklore Essays

Public service announcement

Public service announcement One thing Ive been hearing from prefrosh at an alarming frequency lately is that MIT is a competitive and cutthroat place, and that collaborative behavior is rare. Let me first say this is not true. Most stereotypes have at least a grain of something resembling truth to them for instance, many people in Boston do like the Red Sox and say ah instead of r; many girls do like to talk about their feelings, and many white boys do suck at dancing. In this case, however, I dont see the connection between stereotype and reality. At all. I think it must be that people confuse difficult with competitive/cutthroat (which, I might add, is a confusion not supported by my friends Merriam and Webster). Sure, MIT is difficult. This is partially because the courses are inherently difficult, partially because professors enjoy foisting difficult problem sets upon their students, and partially because MIT students secretly love to work right at the edge of their abilities. But this difficulty is what fosters, rather than discourages, a collaborative atmosphere. Freshman year, most students take the General Institute Requirements and learn that the fastest (and most fun) way to get through problem sets is to do them in a big group of your friends with lots of snacks and pizza; this behavior doesnt really change through the upper years. Adam is an aero/astro major, and course 16 is generally considered one of the most difficult majors at MIT. During sophomore year, all course 16 majors take a four-class series called Unified Engineering (when a class is known by its name rather than its number at MIT, you know its bad news). Each year, there are about 70 kids who declare aero/astro as a major and take Unified; literally all of them would gather on campus and work on problem sets together. I mean, what good does it do you to be competitive? Nobody would help you with the problem sets, and then youd be screwed. Adams take on the matter This freshman asked me the other day if course 16 was a competitive major. I was like Wha? *confused face* What does that even mean? My own majors, biology and brain and cognitive sciences, are pretty premed heavy. If theres any place at MIT youd expect to be cutthroat, its the place where premeds congregate, right? Well, I still didnt see any cutthroat behavior. Any time I had a question or needed help on a problem set, I had no problems securing that help. Ever. I feel silly even offering a list of times I experienced MITs collaborative environment, since most of them are so mundane. Its just normal to be helpful around here. One of the first things people realize when starting classes here is that competition stops at MITs front door. Everybody here was smart in high school (duh), and most people had to fight to get the opportunities that made them strong candidates for admission. Well, you dont have to fight anymore once youre here. UROPs practically grow on trees, and most student groups are open to anybody who wants to join. The only person with whom youre competing anymore is yourself. Again, I am not saying that collaborative behavior is pretty much normal, and that cutthroat behavior is fairly rare. Im saying that everybody here collaborates with everybody else, and that people simply dont act in a way thats destructive toward other people. (At least with regard to academics. When it comes to romantic and social relationships, MIT students act just like any other group of 18- to 22-year-old people.) I guess my feeling is that something has to be easy to be cutthroat there has to be the possibility that everybody could get a 100% or something, so people take it upon themselves to make sure that other people dont succeed. Here, its more that everybody could get a 0%, so people take it upon themselves to make sure that other people are doing well also. Thats the benefit of difficulty it tends to make people feel that theyre all in the same boat together. So no, MIT is not a cutthroat, competitive place. Any questions?

SAT Cancelled

The last version of the SAT being held today has been cancelled at many places. While the cancellations in the United States owe it to the wintry weather, other cancellations in China and Macau have been due to more serious charges of cheating. List Of Centres While the College Board hasn’t specified the number of affected test centres in China and Macau, it is clear that some test takers had access to the testing material before the exam. The Board has not yet released details of a makeup test. Many centres in the US have been cancelled owing to the winter season and snowstorms. The College Board has released a list of centres where the SAT has been postponed. In many centres, the makeup exam is scheduled on February 20. However, the makeup exam for a few centres is yet to be determined. Students can keep track of the College Board website if they are taking the test in one of the affected areas. This is not the first time that the SAT has been plagued by cheating scandals. Back in 2013, the exam was cancelled in South Korea due to similar concerns. You may also be interested in: Old SAT dies today.

Olympian Gods of Greek Mythology - 1012 Words

Greek mythology is the myths and legends the ancient Greeks centred their lives around. The ancient Greeks used it to explain the events and components of the world around them. Their religion included gods and heroes, creation stories, and the origins of their civilisations and rituals. It is topic that had been studied and examined in great depth for thousands of years. This fascinating religions messages and influences are reflected in today’s modern society, and many similarities can be found between Greek mythology and modern religions, such as Christianity. This proposal will outline the research and project I hope to successfully complete. The topic of Greek mythology is too vast to be able to research in the set period of†¦show more content†¦One of the benefits of these flaws present in gods was their accessibility. Unlike other religions, humans in Greek mythology are able to relate to gods very well, because of their similarities in personality. The idea of flawed gods made this religion descend to a very personal level, which is absent in other religions. Humans are able to relate well to the gods, and vice versa. This means that the gods and humans interacted with each other easily and frequently. This sparked a passion within the Greeks, and allowed them to believe that their gods were not unlike them. Contact between the gods and humans was not uncommon, and was often on a very personal level. Sacrifices were made to the gods frequently, as an offering in return for favours, such as a bountiful harvest. They often asked the gods for gifts, advice, and favours. Other ways of interaction included the more personal relationships between gods and humans. The majority of male gods had numerous affairs (a female god having a sexual relation with a mortal was degrading) with many humans, particularly Zeus, which resulted in many demi-gods, who often went on to become heroes of Greek Mythology [e.g. Heracles (Hercules), son of Zeus and the mortal Alcmene]. Gods would often come to humans in the forms of animals, and seduce them, impregnate them, and then return to Mount Olympus, where they would sometimes watch over their children. This topic of flawed gods andShow MoreRelatedGreek Gods and Goddess875 Words   |  4 PagesThe Greek Gods: Ancient vs. Modern Views According to ancient Greek mythology the Greek gods and goddesses had at one time lived the savage, brutal and ugly life of humans. Eventually, however, they managed to rise above this ancient fierceness to become the nineteen elder gods and goddesses the Greeks knew as The Titans, who ruled the earth in a primordial era before the Olympian gods overthrew them. The ancient Greeks of the first millennium before the Christian era believedRead MoreComparing Roman And Greek Mythology1354 Words   |  6 Pages Roman Vs. Greek Mythology Roman and Greek mythology are full of complexities. Much of Greek and Roman everyday life revolved around these myths. Many similarities are obvious between Roman and Greek mythology because the Romans borrowed a significant amount of their myths and gods from the Greeks. Although Roman and Greek mythology have a few components in common, they also have many various aspects that cause differences in their cultures. First of all; values, morals, traditionsRead MoreGreek Mythology : A Belief Of Ancient Civilizations Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesGreek Mythology Have you ever wondered why the seasons change? Why there’s thunder? Where the stars come from? The Greeks created their own beliefs to answer their questions. Greek mythology is a belief of ancient civilizations. Greek mythology gives information on the Olympians, Heracles, origin of Greek mythology, and more. They made up stories called myths to explain why things were the way they are. They called these collections of Greek stories, Greek mythology. Greek mythology was the religionRead MoreDid the Ancient Greek Gods Exist?1234 Words   |  5 PagesDid the Ancient Greek Gods exist? The Ancient Greeks regarded their religion and mythology with much respect and loyalty. Although the Ancient Greek Gods are now seen as an explanation created by man, for natural forces and the world around us, there has been much evidence both for and against the debate that these Gods were real. The Greeks believed that the Earth was created with the birth of Gaia, or Mother Earth, from the dark void known as Chaos. It was believed that Gods were all-powerfulRead MoreMajor Greek Gods and Goddesses Essay1153 Words   |  5 PagesUnlike religious gods today, the Greek gods resembled human being in their form and their emotions, and suffered from the same dilemmas humans throughout time have faced. The Greeks believe in many gods and think they are very much like people. They have both supernatural powers and human weaknesses. The gods would fight, play on each other, gets angry or jealous, and steal from each other. The Olympian Gods live atop Mt. Olympus in Greece behind a gate of clouds. They watch the mortals downRead MoreGreek Mythology : Ancient Mythology1630 Words   |  7 PagesGreek mythology denotes to the myths of the early Greeks, Greece gods, and mythical creatures. While pertaining to these legends and myths includes; to their Gods, the nature and heroes, tales of clashes, and of their adventures. It is also a brief on the origin and connotation of their cult, and the innumerable practices that remained shadowed by them. Myth is defined as; a traditional, typically historic story pertaining to mystic beings, descendants, or heroes that serve an essential kind in theRead MoreInfluences of Greek and Roman Mythology863 Words   |  4 PagesInfluences of Greek and Roman Mythology There are many influences that the Greek and Roman’s belief in polytheism that affect today’s cultures and beliefs. Their beliefs are so ancient that they date back to the Roman Empire. Many historians find it astounding that these myths made it through time and their influence is still found in many places of belief. The Greeks had their own principle divinities, these were twelve major gods called, â€Å"The Olympians.† The OlympiansRead MoreAncient Greece : An Important Greek God1709 Words   |  7 PagesAn Important Greek God In ancient Greek religion, there is not one God but numerous. The main Gods and Goddesses are known as the twelve Olympians who were led by Zeus. These Gods and Goddesses came into power after they overthrew the elder gods, the Titans. The twelve Olympians names were: Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Athena, Artemis, Apollo, Aphrodite, Hephaestus, Ares, and Hermes. These were the main gods that the ancient Greeks would worship and build temples for. These Gods and GoddessesRead MoreGreek Mythology Essay1006 Words   |  5 Pagesbeliefs. Greek mythology is the arguably the most popular region of study. In Ancient Greece every citizen had a patron that would protect them and pantheism was commonplace. The Romans admired the Greeks in their art and culture and even took different aspects of their gods. Polytheism was widely accepted in all cultures so the seed of mythology bloomed. The time line of the creations of gods to the end of their reign is an important factor in Greek Myth ology. Creation The creation of the gods startsRead MoreGreek And Roman Mythology881 Words   |  4 PagesGreek and Roman Mythology Since the dawn of time, different societies have worshiped gods, believing in their power and being afraid of their fury. People have prayed and made sacrifices in order to achieve the gods mercy and generosity. They believed that, if the gods are in good mood, they will provide people with good weather conditions for growing crops. People needed explanations for different natural phenomena, such as rain, drought, lightning, thunder and earthquake. So, ancient people believed

Examination Hall

When there are only a couple of minutes before the examination begins, the students gather right before the hall, where the tests are going to take place. Some students come in their cars, while the others prefer bicycles. Some college attendants put on their finest outfits while the rest of them gives preference to the casual clothes. What is the Happy Gathering? Boys and girls are standing here and there in small groups. They never stop talking to each other. At some point they feel sad when it’s time for the examination hall to open and they get inside. They keep their eyes on the clock to know when the significant time comes. Their mothers, fathers and other relatives are there to support them and tell them about how to fare well in the process. The friends, who are also there and who have once been through it, instruct them in detail about the examination. They share their experiences and give hot tips. What’s Going on in the Candidate’s Mind? Every thought that pops up in the mind of a student is related only to the examination. They form themselves into many groups seen everywhere – on the benches, in the garden or in the green ground. They all suggest possible questions and immediately give various answers. As soon as a clever boy appears on their way, they catch him up and ask every question possible. Being Care Free Is a Part of the Process Although the whole group is bathing in fear, there are some individuals who are absolutely fear-less. They take every exam as a game. Making fun of everything is a part of the play. Being care free they tease those who is busy with books and laugh at the students praying for the best. Who Else? If you take a closer look around, you will find out that there are also other persons besides the examinees. They are here just to enjoy what is happening. The hawkers are there to hawk. The shopkeepers simply keep their shops. Nonetheless, none of the stuff grabs student’s attention this time. Here’s When the Examination Starts When there are only several minutes left before the examination, the examination superintendent appears with a peon, who opens the hall. This is the moment, when the students have an opportunity to enter the place. Some of them feel awkward, some behave uneasily. Their heart beat reaches the critical point when they enter the door. With the God’s name on their lips they take their seats. Meanwhile, someone hears the bell ringing and the sound of silence. Everybody is serious as never before. When every seat is occupied, the door of the examination hall is clothed. This is when the examination starts!

Treaty of Versailles triumph or tragedy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 622 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Treaty of Versailles Essay Did you like this example? This specifically suggests that the treaty of Versailles and the war guilt clause imposed numerous burdens on Germany and deprived it from ever being able to rise to power. This subsequently led to the development of numerous political parties that promoted national socialism such as the Nazis which ideology of racial hierarchy and Social Darwinism. These parties stood against accepting these unfair policies that just benefited the past Allied powers and were in fact imposed without Germanys consent, as this treaty was signed by British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, French Premier George Clemenceau and US President Woodrow Wilson in the Hall of mirrors (which in fact was the same place where Germany had previously proclaimed its empire). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Treaty of Versailles triumph or tragedy" essay for you Create order All of the mixed feelings that arose from these actions became reasons that directly supported the development of the Nazi party conducted by Adolf Hitler which fed upon this hatred and proclaimed Germans as a supremacist race. Which is why upon Hitlers appointment as Germanys Chancellor in 1933 he began to secretly build Germanys army and weapons. And by 1934 he had increased the overall size of his army by building warships and creating other military branches, such as the German Air Force. Although, it all initiated following the creation of the German Workers Party in 1919 (which promoted German pride and anti-semitism) it was the dissatisfaction over the Treaty of Versailles and Hitlers rise in power (primarily due to his speeches that were directed primarily the young and economically disadvantaged Germans) that paved way to the development of the Nazi Party. Furthermore, upon Hitlers appointment as Chancellor hi autobiography Mein Kampf (which was written during his five years in prison due to the attempt to overthrow Germanys government in 192) this book became a form of bible for the Nazi Party. Primarily, due to Hitlers overall charismatic attitude which was able to convince individuals to join th e cause. As he claimed that Germany needed Lebensraum or living space as he urged germans to join his struggle to reach independence and gain all of the territories that were taken from them. He also appealed to the public by his Four Year Plan which would call for slum clearance, the construction of roads that prevented Germany from communicating and continuing its overall trading relationship with other nations. Furthermore, Adolf Hitler decided to break part of one of the agreements from the Treaty of Versailles as he decided to invade the demilitarized zone of Rhineland in 1936 which Germany was prohibited to introduce any troops into but due to the fact that this was a critical area for the French (as it represented a type of barrier that would protect the French if Germany would become engaged in war again) they did not try to stop Hitler as 30,000 Nazi soldiers invaded this area. Following this event Hitler developed two major alliances between Fascist germany and Italy and between germany and the Japanese empire that would in fact change the course of the situation between Germany and the other nations and would shape the course of WWII as they offered their full support to Germany in times of war. Which directly explains why Hitler began to take almost full control over Europe and forcefully invaded Czechoslovakia in 1939 which subsequently led to a conflict between Germany, Britain a nd France as these began to fear that Hitler would attempt to invade Poland and due to these threatened that if he did they would go to war and as Hitler refused to bring his idea of expansion and revenge to a close and invaded Poland on September 1st, 1939 this event was considered as the last straw as it marked the beginning to horrendous events such as the inhalation of Jews (in the Holocaust) and WWII. Treaty of Versailles Triumph or Tragedy - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 455 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Treaty of Versailles Essay Did you like this example? Furthermore, a significant reason for why the Treaty of Versailles must be considered as a tragedy is due to the fact that it led to the overall crash of the German economy which was in fact aggravated by the Great Depression. Which led to a worldwide disintegration of the economy of powerful nations as it led to famine, poverty and disasters. This is supported by the fact that the Treaty of versailles imposed a detrimental effect on germanys economy as it inhibited Germanys ability to engage in overseas commerce, to transport goods, and to possess an access to its major supply of resources that were fundamental to its economy such as iron and coal.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Treaty of Versailles Triumph or Tragedy" essay for you Create order This was demonstrated as according to the treaty of versailles Germany had to give up on its territory of Alsace Lorraine to France, which unfortunately contains about 75% of germanys supply of iron-ore, this was tremendously tragic to germany as since it was considered as one of the most powerful industrialized nations most of its income was based o the trading of these essential resources and since not only Germany was forced to give up most of its oil supplying territories but also provide an absurd amount of coal to Belgium, France and Italy as a way to pay for their reparations. Unfortunately, to Germanys unfortunate Germany was heavily dependent on coal for its energy needs as it provides the electricity needed to manufacture products in the factories which is why these were unable to maintain its major source of income stability which led to chaos as it led to the hyperinflation of Germanys economy as it over evaluated essential products such as food, water and etc which subse quently led to malnutrition and poverty as individuals were unable to absurd prices for things such as bread. And due to germanys inability to manufacture products this directly led to an increase of unemployment as factory workers were not needed as almost no products were produced, and even the salary of those that were employed was reduced by about 10% to 12%. Ultimately, the Treaty of Versailles even affected the U.S economy as well as the U.S senate refused to ratify the treaty and rejected to support its overall membership in the League of Nations. And in 1922 the Congress eventually passed a tariff that closed Americas market to foreign merchants or vendors which directly led to the Great Depression that affected all nations around the world specially Germany, as its economy was disintegrated which caused its citizens to possess a feeling of hatred and indignation which led to the disintegration of the countrys sense of patriotism as a whole and led to boycotts and numerous rebellions that brought disaster to an already shattered nation.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Gilded Age - 1035 Words

Question 2 From the end of the nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century many economic changes occurred, from booms to busts, but all effected minorities less favorably. At the end of the nineteenth century began an era of industrialization that created an economic upturn called the gilded age. Hallmarks of this age were technological advances, banking innovations, and wealth concentrations. Railroad construction, advances in steel production, and electrical innovation drove industrial and economic growth. Emerging from this upheaval were a gaggle of industrial big wigs: John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, and Andrew Carnegie. These three represented an unholy alliance with government and big business that left smaller†¦show more content†¦Ford Motor company not only revolutionized production with the assembly line, but also paid its workers well enough that they could afford to buy its cars too. This boom in car ownership encouraged other industries to grow as well, sectors such as road and bridge construction, glass and leather manufacturing, and naturally, oil production expanded also. Advertising built brand identification and created a consumer culture that equated patriotism, and piety with consumerism. For the first time, companies like Coca Cola, and General Electric sold hope and lifestyle, encouraging the creation of a consumer culture. Unfortunately this roaring twenties boom economy lead many to lean too heavily on credit, leading to an inevitable down cycle called the Great Depression. Structural defects in the US economy, such as banking sector instability, wage stagnation, agricultural overproduction, and over reliance on credit, were the main causes of the Great Depression. Newly elected Herbert Hoover and his administration floundered as unemployment and hunger raged out of control. So many lost their homes that card board shanties called Hoovervilles sprung up in all major cities. American s disillusionment with governmental ineffectiveness during Hoover s administration allowed the Democratic Party to elect the first democratic president since Woodrow Wilson(1921). Franklin Delano Roosevelt(FDR) swept into power ready toShow MoreRelatedInventions In The Gilded Age1140 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Immigration and African American Rights, I think these are the main events that happen during the Gilded Age. The Gilded Age was an eventful time, had lots of things going on from left and right of us. Mark Twain called the 19th century the Gilded Age, by this he meant that the period was glittering on the surface, but corrupt underneath. There were only two different classes, either you were rich or poor. There was no in between because either you ran a successful business and had familyRead MoreThe Gilded Age Still Effect American Life Today1370 Words   |  6 PagesThe Gilded Age, also known as American urbanization, led to many employment opportunities, advances in transportation and sanitation, which improved overall standard of living. All advancements that took place in The Gilded Age still effect American life today. The rapid development of the cities in the 19th century served as both a separation and togetherness factor in American political, economic and social life. Cit ies in the area created a wealthy cross-section of the world’s population, makingRead MoreEssay about The Italian Immigrants of Post-1880713 Words   |  3 Pagesunsanitary living conditions and they do not learn the English language. Riis aims to expose the slums as a measure of civilization, and note that America as a nation is only as strong as its weakest link. Riis believed that the padrone is really a disadvantage for fellow immigrants for the padroni takes ten percent of their profits. Also he remarked that in comparison, the Germans would never live in filth like the Italians did. However, Riis has a change of heart as he says, â€Å"With all his conspicuousRead MoreAfrican Americans And The American Dream1793 Words   |  8 PagesEven though the optimal American Dream doesn’t promise that all citizens will achieve personal success, it offers equality and fortunes for them to pursue dreams through hard work. However, during the Industrial Age, the American D ream didn’t apply to the lower class. Most immigrants from southern and eastern Europe arrived in the United States to escape religious persecution and poverty in their home countries and also seek new opportunities. But, they realized the brutal reality after their arrivalRead MoreNeoliberalism : A New Economic System1169 Words   |  5 PagesMajor neoliberal policies comprised of World Trade Organization, North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank, and International Monetary Fund. Like any other ideologies, neoliberal policies have advantages and disadvantages because they can’t satisfy all social groups. Restricted government intervention allows elites and entrepreneurs to pursue economic freedom, but it also means limited welfare programs for the working class. Free market triggers economicRead MoreIntroduction. In â€Å"The Man With The Muck-Rake,† Theodore1327 Words   |  6 Pagesin progressive era America i n order to shed light on the necessity of a proper and honest society. Historical Background In the late nineteenth century, America was a country in its prime of industrialization and immigration influx. Known as the Gilded Age, this period defined the United States as the bustling powerhouse it is today, but at the cost of many social and political injustices that lay underneath the guise of the â€Å"American dream†. Among the urbanization and booming industry, there wasRead MoreThe Best And Worst Of The American Industrial Revolution1309 Words   |  6 Pagesto afford it (DiBacco 127). thesis Despite the many benefits contributing to the American Industrial Revolution that would perceive it to be a â€Å"great time† in history, there were also downfalls and hardships. Slavery took part in factoring as a disadvantage in northern artisanal labor and the southern states. The United States had not become a slave society until the need for labor in southern plantations became an economic essential. Laws developed to be harsher as legal and cultural separation wereRead More Industrialization and Immigration Essay2267 Words   |  10 Pagessuccess of their companies resided in the availability of a working class. Immigrants to the United States, willing to do anything to set a foothold in the nation, accepted cheap labor as employment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Large corporations used this to their advantage. Profit oriented leaders did little to make suitable working conditions. With the aid of Muckrakers, journalists who exposed the underside of American life, the nation began to understand the evils of industrialization (599). More and more didRead MoreAmerican History : The World s Richest Woman The Witch Of Wall Street 2033 Words   |  9 Pagesher death that belittled the 80 million dollar estate of J.P. Morgan (Columbia), has been expunged from historical records, instead leaving behind an monotonous transcript of male exceptionalism and supposed â€Å"industrial statesmen[ship]† during the Gilded Age (â€Å"Robber Barons†).Women’s perceived identities throughout time have been vastly malleable, with opponents of gender equality resorting to the belittlement of females intellect in order to regain power; women have been forced to utilize these generalizationsRead MorePaper2439 Words   |  10 Pages Persuasive Paper Part 3: Possible Disadvantages, Answers, with Visuals Rodney Howard Professor: Holly Sprinkle English Research and Writing September, 1st, 2015 Introduction There is a problem that exists with hung juries. It should be suggested that a supermajority be required to convict, and a mere majority be required to acquit. These reforms would effectively abolish the hung jury. We need to stop giving holdouts the power to prevent convictions and I feel that all jurors should not have to

Nursing Ethics Free Essays

Caring has long been claimed as a concept at the heart of nursing, sometimes described as the thing that distinguishes nursing from other professions. Care is increasingly recognized as the moral foundation, ideal and imperative of nursing. What counts as caring at any particular historical moment is highly dependent on context; meanings of care are historically contingent and change over time. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Ethics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Caring is not just a subjective and material experience but one in which particular historical circumstances, ideologies and power relations create the conditions under which caring can occur, the forms it takes and the consequences it will have for those who undertake it. Ethical selves are shaped by social discourses that situate care in relation to broader formations of gender, religion, class and ethnicity as well as factors such as age, nationality and physical location. Since 1900 no decade has passed without publication of at least one basic text in nursing ethics with one of the first discrete texts on nursing ethics being published as early as 1888 (Orr   2004). Since the inception of modern nursing in the last century, nurses globally have taken seriously their moral responsibilities as health care practitioners; they have also taken seriously the issues which have emerged as a consequence of their attempts to fulfill these responsibilities effectively. As professionals working in the health care domain, very clear that nurses like other health care professionals cannot escape the tensions that are being caused by the radically opposing and competing moral viewpoints that are presently pulling the health care arena and indeed the world apart. An important question to arise here is: how can the nursing profession best respond to this predicament? There is, of course, no simple final answer to this question. Nevertheless there is at least one crucial point that needs to be made, and it is this: it is vitally important that nurses learn to recognize the cyclical processes of social and cultural change, and realize that they themselves are participants in this change. Once realizing this, they also need to learn that, as participants in these cyclical transformations, they are positioned and have a stringent moral responsibility to sensitively and artfully advocate for the mediation of the extreme and multiple positions they might (and very often do) find themselves caught between. They also have a moral responsibility to facilitate this mediation by acting as mediators themselves. Nursing ethics can be defined broadly as the examination of all kinds of ethical and bioethical issues from the perspective of nursing theory and practice which, in turn, rest on the agreed core concepts of nursing, namely: person, culture, care, health, healing, environment, and nursing itself (Narvà ¡ez Rest 1994). In this regard, then, contrary to popular belief, nursing ethics is not synonymous with (and indeed is much greater than) an ethic of care, although an ethic of care has an important place in the overall moral scheme of nursing. Nursing, like other health professionals, encounter many moral problems in the course of their everyday professional practice. These problems range from the relatively simple to the extraordinarily complex, and can cause varying degrees of perplexity and distress in those who encounter them. For instance, some moral problems are relatively easy to resolve and may cause little if any distress to those involved; other problems, however, may be extremely difficult or even impossible to resolve, and may cause a great deal of moral stress and distress for those encountering them. In making an interpretation of the particular situation in which there is a moral problem, persons who have empathy and can take the perspective of others, and who care for others – even people who are quite different from themselves – are likely to exhibit high levels of moral sensitivity. A person must be able to reason about a situation and make a judgment about which course of action is morally right, thus labeling one possible line of action as what ought morally to be done in that situation (Narvà ¡ez Rest 1994). Both a strong desire to do what is most morally defensible and a strong caring for other humans is necessary in order for a professional person to put aside a possible action that would serve self-interest in favor of the most ethical alternative action. Nurses have as much independent moral responsibility for their actions (and omissions) as they have independent legal responsibility, and are just as accountable for their practice morally as they are legally. Nurses must be accorded the recognition and legitimated authority necessary to enable them to fulfill their many and complex responsibilities as professionals bound by agreed standards of care. It can be seen that the prospects of virtue ethics are indeed promising in nursing ethics. The agreed ethical standards of nursing require nurses to promote the genuine welfare and wellbeing of people in need of help through nursing care, and to do so in a manner that is safe, competent, therapeutically effective, culturally relevant, and just. These standards also recognize that in the ultimate analysis nurses can never escape the reality that they literally hold human wellbeing in their, and accordingly must act responsively and responsibly to protect it (Bioethics for beginners). These requirements are demonstrably consistent with a virtue theory account of ethics. The nursing profession worldwide has a rich and distinctive history of identifying and responding substantively to ethical issues in nursing and health care domains. In today’s highly technical health-care system, there seems to be general agreement that nurses must be rational, logical thinkers who can incorporate the tradition of justice that draws on long-established modes of moral reasoning. Nursing should be a relationship in which compassion, competence, confidence, justice, prudence, temperance, caring, honesty, responsibility and commitment are mobilized by the care-giver to promote the health and well-being of those in need of care. The neglect or overemphasis of any one of these would cause for an imbalance in care. Hospital conditions are not those of ordinary life. Nursing deals with the unusual and the abnormal. Within the walls of the hospital nurses find that they must accept all people as they are, and devote themselves mainly to their physical betterment. However, an integrative theory of nursing ethics that synthesizes caring and justice has yet to be developed. Tensions in nursing among loyalty to patients, to physicians, to self, and to employing agencies provide a context for the development of ethics in nursing over the past century and nursing’s participation in health care reform today. Bibliography â€Å"Bioethics for beginners.† Available from: dttp://www.med.upenn.edu/~bioethic Botes, A. (2000). A comparison between the ethics of justice and the ethics of care.   Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32, 1021. Chin, P. L. (2001). Nursing and ethics: The maturing of the discipline. Advances in Nursing Science, 24(2), 63-64. Edwards, N. (1999). Nursing ethics: How did we get here, and what are we doing about it? Surgical Services Management, 5(1), 20-22. Botes, A. (2000). A comparison between the ethics of justice and the ethics of care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 35, 1071. Elder, R., Price, J., Williams, G. (2003). Differences in ethical attitudes between registered nurses and medical students. Nursing Ethics, 10, 149-164. Gatzke, H., Ransom, J. E. (2001). New skills for the new age: Preparing nurses for the 21st century. Nursing Forum, 36(3), 13-17. Narvà ¡ez, D. and Rest, J. (1994). Moral Development in the Professions: Psychology and Applied Ethics. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, NJ. Orr, Robert D. (2004). â€Å"Ethics Life’s Ending: An Exchange.† First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life, 145. Peter, E., Morgan, K. P. (2000). Exploration of a trust approach for nursing ethics. Nursing Inquiry, 8(3), How to cite Nursing Ethics, Essay examples Nursing Ethics Free Essays Nursing Ethics Caring has long been claimed as a concept at the heart of nursing, sometimes described as the thing that distinguishes nursing from other professions. Care is increasingly recognized as the moral foundation, ideal and imperative of nursing. What counts as caring at any particular historical moment is highly dependent on context; meanings of care are historically contingent and change over time. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Ethics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Caring is not just a subjective and material experience but one in which particular historical circumstances, ideologies and power relations create the conditions under which caring can occur, the forms it takes and the consequences it will have for those who undertake it. Ethical selves are shaped by social discourses that situate care in relation to broader formations of gender, religion, class and ethnicity as well as factors such as age, nationality and physical location. Since 1900 no decade has passed without publication of at least one basic text in nursing ethics with one of the first discrete texts on nursing ethics being published as early as 1888 (Orr   2004). Since the inception of modern nursing in the last century, nurses globally have taken seriously their moral responsibilities as health care practitioners; they have also taken seriously the issues which have emerged as a consequence of their attempts to fulfill these responsibilities effectively. As professionals working in the health care domain, very clear that nurses like other health care professionals cannot escape the tensions that are being caused by the radically opposing and competing moral viewpoints that are presently pulling the health care arena and indeed the world apart. An important question to arise here is: how can the nursing profession best respond to this predicament? There is, of course, no simple final answer to this question. Nevertheless there is at least one crucial point that needs to be made, and it is this: it is vitally important that nurses learn to recognize the cyclical processes of social and cultural change, and realize that they themselves are participants in this change. Once realizing this, they also need to learn that, as participants in these cyclical transformations, they are positioned and have a stringent moral responsibility to sensitively and artfully advocate for the mediation of the extreme and multiple positions they might (and very often do) find themselves caught between. They also have a moral responsibility to facilitate this mediation by acting as mediators themselves. Nursing ethics can be defined broadly as the examination of all kinds of ethical and bioethical issues from the perspective of nursing theory and practice which, in turn, rest on the agreed core concepts of nursing, namely: person, culture, care, health, healing, environment, and nursing itself (Narvà ¡ez Rest 1994). In this regard, then, contrary to popular belief, nursing ethics is not synonymous with (and indeed is much greater than) an ethic of care, although an ethic of care has an important place in the overall moral scheme of nursing. Nursing, like other health professionals, encounter many moral problems in the course of their everyday professional practice. These problems range from the relatively simple to the extraordinarily complex, and can cause varying degrees of perplexity and distress in those who encounter them. For instance, some moral problems are relatively easy to resolve and may cause little if any distress to those involved; other problems, however, may be extremely difficult or even impossible to resolve, and may cause a great deal of moral stress and distress for those encountering them. In making an interpretation of the particular situation in which there is a moral problem, persons who have empathy and can take the perspective of others, and who care for others – even people who are quite different from themselves – are likely to exhibit high levels of moral sensitivity. A person must be able to reason about a situation and make a judgment about which course of action is morally right, thus labeling one possible line of action as what ought morally to be done in that situation (Narvà ¡ez Rest 1994). Both a strong desire to do what is most morally defensible and a strong caring for other humans is necessary in order for a professional person to put aside a possible action that would serve self-interest in favor of the most ethical alternative action. Nurses have as much independent moral responsibility for their actions (and omissions) as they have independent legal responsibility, and are just as accountable for their practice morally as they are legally. Nurses must be accorded the recognition and legitimated authority necessary to enable them to fulfill their many and complex responsibilities as professionals bound by agreed standards of care. It can be seen that the prospects of virtue ethics are indeed promising in nursing ethics. The agreed ethical standards of nursing require nurses to promote the genuine welfare and wellbeing of people in need of help through nursing care, and to do so in a manner that is safe, competent, therapeutically effective, culturally relevant, and just. These standards also recognize that in the ultimate analysis nurses can never escape the reality that they literally hold human wellbeing in their, and accordingly must act responsively and responsibly to protect it (Bioethics for beginners). These requirements are demonstrably consistent with a virtue theory account of ethics. The nursing profession worldwide has a rich and distinctive history of identifying and responding substantively to ethical issues in nursing and health care domains. In today’s highly technical health-care system, there seems to be general agreement that nurses must be rational, logical thinkers who can incorporate the tradition of justice that draws on long-established modes of moral reasoning. Nursing should be a relationship in which compassion, competence, confidence, justice, prudence, temperance, caring, honesty, responsibility and commitment are mobilized by the care-giver to promote the health and well-being of those in need of care. The neglect or overemphasis of any one of these would cause for an imbalance in care. Hospital conditions are not those of ordinary life. Nursing deals with the unusual and the abnormal. Within the walls of the hospital nurses find that they must accept all people as they are, and devote themselves mainly to their physical betterment. However, an integrative theory of nursing ethics that synthesizes caring and justice has yet to be developed. Tensions in nursing among loyalty to patients, to physicians, to self, and to employing agencies provide a context for the development of ethics in nursing over the past century and nursing’s participation in health care reform today. Bibliography Botes, A. (2000). A comparison between the ethics of justice and the ethics of care.   Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32, 1021. Chin, P. L. (2001). Nursing and ethics: The maturing of the discipline. Advances in Nursing Science, 24(2), 63-64. Edwards, N. (1999). Nursing ethics: How did we get here, and what are we doing about it? Surgical Services Management, 5(1), 20-22. Botes, A. (2000). A comparison between the ethics of justice and the ethics of care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 35, 1071. Elder, R., Price, J., Williams, G. (2003). Differences in ethical attitudes between registered nurses and medical students. Nursing Ethics, 10, 149-164. Gatzke, H., Ransom, J. E. (2001). New skills for the new age: Preparing nurses for the 21st century. Nursing Forum, 36(3), 13-17. Narvà ¡ez, D. and Rest, J. (1994). Moral Development in the Professions: Psychology and Applied Ethics. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, NJ. Orr, Robert D. (2004). â€Å"Ethics Life’s Ending: An Exchange.† First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life, 145. Peter, E., Morgan, K. P. (2000). Exploration of a trust approach for nursing ethics. Nursing Inquiry, 8(3),  10. How to cite Nursing Ethics, Essay examples Nursing ethics Free Essays The ethical concerns that I have related to this dilemma are many. What is the doctor’s responsibility to try to stop the mother’s contractions? What are the limits of the attempts that should be made to save the child?   Should the mother be allowed to risk her own life to attempt to save the life of a child that is probably not viable outside the womb? Should the doctor plan a cesarean section despite the fact that the infant will probably die as soon as it is removed from the mother’s womb?   I can’t imagine making this decision personally, but many mothers are forced to make it every day. Here is the situation that lead to my ethical quandary. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing ethics or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have a patient who is 3 week ante partum and has had premature rupture of membranes. This condition could cause hemorrhaging for her and death of the infant in uterus. In layman’s terms, both she and the infant are at risk of death. She is starting to contract and the physician will not do anything since the fetus is not considered viable. The physician has described the issues of having a vaginal birth versus a cesarean section with this patient because the fetus is breech. The patient wants everything to be done to save this baby. As described above, the issues are exceedingly complex. The physician appears to have determined that the child is a lost cause and is thinking only of the health of the mother, but this is contrary to her wishes. Should the mother’s desire to save her child be allowed to override her own survival instincts? And, what role, if any, should the child’s father have in decision-making process? My literature survey for this situation was amazingly frustrating. I expected there to be a great deal of study materials available regarding this topic. It is, in essence, the quintessential ethical debate: do you save the life of the mother or the life of the child?   And, there is the question of the doctor’s ethics. Should he be able to determine the best medical course of action if it is contrary to the mother’s wishes? And, who determines when a fetus is viable? Can we allow it to be based on an arbitrary date? I found a lot of older research regarding the ethics of abortion and approaching the discussion of fetal viability from that point of view, but there was nothing recent and nothing than dealt with miscarriages as opposed to abortion. And, there was nothing that talked about the discussion of the life of the mother versus the life of the child. I think this would clearly be a great place for additional study. I think specifically the ethical question of whether medical decisions should be made contrary to the patient’s wishes should also be considered. Right now, as a society, we allow a person to make their own decisions about their health care even though we do not allow them to determine when or how they die. What I did find were several articles regarding the mental trauma that miscarriage and stillbirth inflict on the mother and an interesting article promoting the development of advanced directives regarding pregnancy health care. Of all the articles, this is the one that I found most interesting and directly applicable to the situation at hand. In this article, Anita Caitlin proposes that obstetricians think outside the box and promote the development of advanced directives for prenatal and delivery care.   The proposal is simple, just as a person can create a living will for care during a terminal illness or traumatic injury, a pregnant woman would in her early weeks of pregnancy discuss in depth with her doctor the potential things that could go wrong and develop a plan of action.   For instance, a woman would decide at the very beginning of the pregnancy what circumstances would lead to her decision for a cesarean section (Caitlin, 2005). This would eliminate the need to make the decision during a high stress time, since we can assume that such decision would cause stress, and at a time that the mother’s mental and emotional state is impacted by the high levels of hormones associated with pregnancy. I understand that being able to hold a woman to the advanced directives would be impossible, but a woman could elect to rely on the already issued directive and not add the trauma of making a decision to an already stressful time. This would also allow the person to discuss the eventualities with those whom she believes have a right to have a say in her life instead of just those that the laws say have a right to assist with her decision-making (next of kin, when the patient is incapacitated). Another article that drew my attention that I found in my literature review was a discussion about the ethical concerns some doctors have about making medical recommendations that are contrary to their own moral and ethical beliefs. â€Å"A growing number of doctors, nurses, and pharmacies are refusing to provide, refer, or even tell their patients about care options that they feel are not in keeping with their own personal religious beliefs,† stated Barbara Kavadias, Director of Field Services at the Religious Coalition and leader of the three-year project that created In Good Conscience. â€Å"Institutions are refusing to provide essential care, citing their religious commitments.† (Bioweek, 2007) This is a growing ethical trend in medical care that I have some major concerns with. Take, for instance, the case of my current patient. If she were (or is) being treated by a doctor who believes all life is sacred, he might be willing to risk the life of the mother in an effort to try to save the child. In this case, it is difficult to determine how a person with these moral concerns might treat the patient. Taking the child via c-section is probably the best for option to preserve the mother’s life. It may result in the immediate death of the fetus. Waiting and trying to abate the mother’s contractions may provide the child with a greater chance of survival, but also puts extra risk on the mother’s life. At that point, what are the criteria used by those with this moral outlook to determine the proper course of action? These questions are likely to grow in controversy as technology increases and the fetus is increasingly viable outside of the womb. The more that society becomes able to keep a child alive without the benefit of the mother, the more questions regarding the ethics of doing so or not doing so will grow in prominence. It is absolutely possible that with increasing medical technology and the ability to prolong life we will have additional debates regarding who gets to determine what lives are worth saving and what lives are lost. I believe that a trend toward making informed decisions is a good one and a move in the right direction, taking people away from having to make a decision in a crisis situation. I also think that it is worthwhile to discuss the role of the father in the decision-making process. Because of the trend toward increasing women’s rights and in an effort to prevent a return to the days of the complete male dominance, society appears to be moving away from the rights of a souse to have a say in decisions that affect them. For example, the birth of a child is an 18-year (minimum) commitment for men as well and in an effort to secure the rights of women, we have completely removed the father from the decision-making process. As a human, I believe that ultimate control of a person’s body should be his or her own, but it is also reasonable to believe that a spouse (or life partner) should have some say in the decision. In the case of m patient, I cannot believe that a loving partner would encourage her to risk her own life for the tiny chance to save a child which would already have been lost if not for technology. Works Cited Caitlin, Anita. â€Å"Thinking Outside the Box: Prenatal Care and the Call for a Prenatal Advance Directive†Journal of Perinatal Neonatal Nursing. Frederick: Apr-Jun 2005. Vol. 19, Iss. 2; pg. 169. Geller, Pamela A. â€Å"Understanding distress in the aftermath of miscarriage† Network News. Washington: Sep/Oct 2002. Vol. 27, Iss. 5; pg. 4. Klier, C. M. , P. A. Geller, J. B. Ritsher. â€Å"Affective disorders in the aftermath of miscarriage: A comprehensive review†,Archives of Women’s Mental Health. Wien: Dec 2002. Vol. 5, Iss. 4; p. 129. ‘Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice; Religious Leaders Call for New Efforts to Reverse Growing Imposition of Sectarian Religious Beliefs on Reproductive and End-of-Life Care† Biotech Week. Atlanta: May 9, 2007. pg. 973 How to cite Nursing ethics, Essay examples

Critical Evaluation of Data Interpretation

Question: Discuss about the Critical Evaluation of Data Interpretation. Answer: Introduction: Researchers namely, Fetters, Curry and Creswell (2013) presented few examples through which data interpretation in qualitative research is conducted either through investigating the theory or model application within distinct context or through expecting any model or theory to emerge from the data analysis. Qualitative Research Data Interpretation for the Sampling Design Bcps.org. (2016) revealed that qualitative data interpretation is the search of general statements regarding the relationships among several data categories. These researchers stated that qualitative data interpretation tools include categorization and theme based evaluation. In contrast to that researchers namely, Fetters, Curry and Creswell (2013) indicated that qualitative data interpretation employs ways in which the researcher shifts from an explanation of the case. These researchers also stated that simple qualitative data interpretation is conducted through recurring patterns or themes. Depending on the evaluation of data around theoretical frameworks offers additional insight and such frameworks encompasses distributed cognition, grounded and activity theory. Quantitative Research Data Interpretation for the Sampling Design Bcps.org. (2016) indicated that quantitative data interpretation could serve as an explaining process by selecting sampling design from which numerical data can be collected and through employing mathematically based methods for data interpretation. In contrast, researchers namely Fetters, Curry and Creswell (2013), observed that data interpretation of quantitative data are always numerical and are conducted through statistical and mathematical methods. These researchers also indicated that use of likert scales and similar techniques signifies that the ample design can be analyzed by quantitative techniques. Reference List Bcps.org. 2016. [online] Available at: https://www.bcps.org/offices/Lis/researchcourse/images/Textbook_Chapter_on_Qualitative_Research_Design.pdf [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. Fetters, M.D., Curry, L.A. and Creswell, J.W., 2013. Achieving integration in mixed methods designsprinciples and practices.Health services research,48(2), pp.2134-2156.

Letters to a Young Poet Reflection Essay Example For Students

Letters to a Young Poet Reflection Essay At the beginning of the book, I found the book extremely hard to read. The language Rile was speaking in was different and hard to understand. Some points I got but some I didnt and it became very wish washy. I found myself having to read the same poem over and over until I got a clue of what he was talking about and what his purpose of the letters were. Then he said something that really made me think and look inside of myself and come to my senses. He told the poet to quit looking outside of himself and to stop asking for approval and for acceptance of his art form ND to not be afraid to make mistakes. He told him to simply look inside of himself and ask himself if writing is really what he wants to do. To find in himself the command to write and to find that impulse In his heart that commands him to write and to find wealth himself the need to write as much as he needs oxygen to live. This really hit me because ever since I was a little five year boy, I realized I wanted to be a performer and I have never wanted to do anything else to this day. I have this need to do my art form, I sing when I talk, I dance when I walk, Its in my blood. And that is hen I really connected with the book and really understood what his purpose was to write to this young poet. This book slowly started to change the way I thought letter by letter. It is the only book that made me think and to look inside of myself and question my ways of thinking. I know that this book will have an effect on my art form, because it completely changed my outlook of things. One important point that really stuck out to me is to make mistakes, because thats how we learn, but also to be proud of making mistakes and that it is simply a part of life and that it is necessary to e an artist. I have problems taking risk when It comes to my art form. Im always trying to do It right and to Impress others when I dont need to do that. He said to not look for any outside correctly but to Just do It for you, because you have to do It. Another great point that he made was to look inside of yourself for any unanswered questions you have about anything. He said they may not all be there right away, but as we keep growing, ripening and as we stay patient, the answers will eventually come to us, and to take that answer and use it. He continues to say look inside of ourselves, because in the end we are the ones its about. We have to take the time to focus on ourselves. To find that love, that lust, the creativity, the artist, the being that we have. And to locate it so we can apply it to our craft and use ourselves instead of always looking for outside stuff. Rile touched on life and art being difficult. How we must trust in the difficulty of life and use that as a reason to keep doing It. This really resonated with me because being an artist Is probably one of the most difficult things. Its difficult because we have so much on our minds and so much to do and Its cough to get work and acknowledgement and Just difficult on our being altogether. But when we surpass the difficulty and reach success it makes us more proud of because without it we wouldnt really appreciate what we can do. .ueb3f003939d1b2c12dc6abf56ad40ca3 , .ueb3f003939d1b2c12dc6abf56ad40ca3 .postImageUrl , .ueb3f003939d1b2c12dc6abf56ad40ca3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueb3f003939d1b2c12dc6abf56ad40ca3 , .ueb3f003939d1b2c12dc6abf56ad40ca3:hover , .ueb3f003939d1b2c12dc6abf56ad40ca3:visited , .ueb3f003939d1b2c12dc6abf56ad40ca3:active { border:0!important; } .ueb3f003939d1b2c12dc6abf56ad40ca3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueb3f003939d1b2c12dc6abf56ad40ca3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueb3f003939d1b2c12dc6abf56ad40ca3:active , .ueb3f003939d1b2c12dc6abf56ad40ca3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueb3f003939d1b2c12dc6abf56ad40ca3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueb3f003939d1b2c12dc6abf56ad40ca3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueb3f003939d1b2c12dc6abf56ad40ca3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueb3f003939d1b2c12dc6abf56ad40ca3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueb3f003939d1b2c12dc6abf56ad40ca3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueb3f003939d1b2c12dc6abf56ad40ca3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueb3f003939d1b2c12dc6abf56ad40ca3 .ueb3f003939d1b2c12dc6abf56ad40ca3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueb3f003939d1b2c12dc6abf56ad40ca3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The poets present powerful feelings EssayI know that in my collage career and that in life there are going to be plenty of difficult times in my life when I feel I cant make it. But in the words of Rile, I must trust it; I must trust that the difficulty will lead me to the light. Solitude: the state of being alone. Rile mentioned this word in a couple of letters. How solitude can lead to so many things such as insecurity. Thats when I began to think again. I take being alone as a reason to start downing myself and to start creating all of these insecurities that not only blocks and creates problems in everyday life, but also with my craft. I use the loneliness to down myself when I need to use it to uplift myself, and to use the alone time to better myself. It is merely time to work on me, to continue to look inside of myself and do personal work. I also learned to be ready for everything, to experience everything and let it all in. We need to make ourselves open and ready for anything and to allow ourselves to have different experiences. When we allow ourselves to be open, we then experience relationships, love, and success. We have to let life happen. And through the openness we begin to receive confidence. Rile said to trust that life is always in the right, all we have to do is Just trust and not to doubt. As an artist it is easy to doubt. It is easy to doubt that our work is good; we doubt that we will get the Job; we doubt that we are good enough. But instead of doubt we need faith. We need to keep the faith in ourselves and continue to stay confident and stand by everything we do. Rile also said to not Just throw the doubt out, but to train it. He said to challenge it and demand proof of the doubt. And that if you train the doubt right, it can become a good quality instead of something trying to bring you down. I can really relate to the poet. I always want outside help with everything. And I have so many questions that I want answered and so many things I worry about with my personal self and with my art form. Rile really shows the connection between the two and how they can both affect each other. He really helped me realize why I am here at Leon. I am here to work on myself and to better myself. It is important to have relationship with others and to have the outside activity, but Rile pointed out that we are naturally solitary and that we need to use the solitude to work on ourselves. I came into this book expecting it to be boring and expecting it to not be fruitful. I didnt think it was going to have anything to do with acting; I had no clue how the book was going to help me as far as acting. But the book took a complete left turn for me and really changed everything about me. Its crazy how much this book really connects with acting and everything I have been learning so far his semester. Not only was the book helpful in acting, but it included life lessons in the book and how to go through this crazy thing called life. It gave me advice on struggles I am currently going through as I adapt to college life and adulthood. It is the perfect book for me as a freshman to read as I start my new chapter of my life here in college. It changed my outlook on life and on my craft but also on myself. With the advice and the fruitful words of Rile, I am now ready to really dig deep into myself and become the best artist and person I can be.

Essay Samples Online - Learn How to Write Essays That Are Informative

Essay Samples Online - Learn How to Write Essays That Are InformativeWriting essay samples is a method that has become very popular over the past few years. It can be difficult to find a good resource or tutor if you are interested in this method of writing as it can be time consuming and very costly. The best option for you is to look online and find great essay samples on the various subjects that you would like to write about.If you are going to use the resources provided by the sites that offer essay samples then there are many options available. You could choose to write a short essay about a single topic or perhaps a series of articles related to a particular subject. Either way you can be sure that the type of material that you are choosing will be used by your tutors and will ensure that you get a good grade on your essay.You can also go online and find essay samples on various topics for different subjects. There are many types of subjects that you could use such as medical topics, science topics, philosophy topics, politics, history and more. Many of these topics can really test your knowledge of the subject and if you do not know much about the subject then using one of these essays samples can really help you out.Even if you do not have much knowledge about the subject then there are many essay samples that can help you in writing about the subject. Many sites give you detailed explanations about each section of the essay and are easy to understand and can really help you create a good quality essay.One of the most common mistake that most people make when they first start out with writing an essay is to think that they should do all the research themselves. This is not necessarily true and when you start out with one of the essay samples then you can be sure that you will not get lost in the maze of information.You can also sit down with your tutor and discuss the content of the essay with them before actually submittingit. By sitting down with a t utor and talking through the contents of the essay can ensure that you get a good grade and can make sure that you do not mess up the essay by writing something that is not quite right. It is always advisable to talk through any mistakes with your tutor as they will be able to help you avoid them.There are many sites on the internet that offer free essay samples that can be used to help you with writing your own essay. They provide you with examples of essay samples from a wide range of topics and you can compare these with your own writing style in order to help you get a good grade on your essay.

Human Resource Management free essay sample

Human Resource Management (HRM) is the term used to describe formal systems devised for the management of people within an organization. These human resources responsibilities are generally divided into three major areas of management: staffing, employee compensation, and defining/designing work. Essentially, the purpose of HRM is to maximize the productivity of an organization by optimizing the effectiveness of its employees. This mandate is unlikely to change in any fundamental way, despite the ever-increasing pace of change in the business world. As Edward L. Gubman observed in the Journal of Business Strategy, the basic mission of human resources will always be to acquire, develop, and retain talent; align the workforce with the business; and be an excellent contributor to the business. Those three challenges will never change. Until fairly recently, an organizations human resources department was often consigned to lower rungs of the corporate hierarchy, despite the fact that its mandate is to replenish and nourish the companys work force, which is often cited—legitimately—as an organizations greatest resource. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resource Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But in recent years recognition of the importance of human resources management to a companys overall health has grown dramatically. This recognition of the importance of HRM extends to small businesses, for while they do not generally have the same volume of human resources requirements as do larger organizations, they too face personnel management issues that can have a decisive impact on business health. As Irving Burstiner commented in The Small Business Handbook, Hiring the right people—and training them well—can often mean the difference between scratching out the barest of livelihoods and steady business growth†¦. With technology changing every day, and the talent crunch forcing employers to get the most out of each and every staff member, the focus on HR is set to continue. Even without a time machine, it’s clear HR’s role will move ever-closer to the very heart of business. Plugging the talent gaps This is not to say there are no challenges facing HR in the present day, far from it. At the top of the critical list on Singapore’s business landscape is the impending talent shortage that is set to hit organisations of all shapes and sizes. Elizabeth Martin-Chua, local HR expert and author, says businesses are again having to chase talent. Previously, the situation was the much more ideal reverse – with job candidates pulling out all stops to find work in their favoured organisations. Now, with the baby boom generation set to move into retirement with only smaller-sized age groups available to replace them, the talent crunch is set to move into a more permanent fixture. That means renewed importance will be placed on those HR Human Resource Management free essay sample This approach helps the employees to be committed to their work which contributes to the overall performance of the organisation as a whole. Table of contents 1. 0 Introduction3 1. 1 Part A: Comparative analysis of hard and soft philosophies of HRM 3 1. 2. 1 Advantages and disadvantages of the soft and hard approaches to HRM4 1. 3 Justification of the soft approach5 1. 4 Part B: Five soft approaches used by Toyota5 2. 0 Harvard model of HRM 6 2. 1. 1 Towards defining HRM7 2. 1. HRM theories8 2. 2 HRM strategies9 2. 3. 1 Continuous improvement and respect for people 10 2. 3. 2 Effective teamwork10 3. 0 References11 1. 0 Introduction The origins of our efforts to manage people lie in the way we view others and make judgement about them (Hall, 1988). For Hall (1988), the philosophies of human resources management (HRM) are those assumptions about people and the workplace and their abilities and needs and these form the foundation of managerial actions. From this assertion, it can be noted that there are mainly two philosophies namely the ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ approaches to HRM which are applied by different organisations. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resource Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As such, this paper seeks to provide a comparative analysis of the soft and hard philosophies of HRM as used in American and Japanese corporations. The main discussion is based on the given case of Toyota. The paper starts by outlining the differences between these two philosophies and it attempts to highlight the advantages as well as disadvantages of each philosophy. The second part of the paper will focus on the concept of HRM applied at Toyota. 1. 1Part A Comparative analysis of the hard and soft philosophies of HRM The main difference between soft and hard philosophies of HRM is that the soft approach is employee oriented where there is a balance between work and their interests while the hard approach is performance based where organisational productivity is given priority. The other difference between the two is related to the structure of the organisation which has a bearing on the HR functions. A soft approach can be applied to an organisation with a flat structure like Toyota while a hard approach is applicable to organisations with tall structures. In an organisation where a soft approach is applied, employees can contribute towards the decision making process while in a hard approach they are not involved. The other notable difference between the two is that teamwork is encouraged in an organisation which encompasses the soft approach while the one with a hard approach emphasises the element of increased performance. The other difference is that the soft approach encourages innovation while the hard approach inhibits innovation. Table 1 Differences between soft and hard approaches to HRM Soft approachHard approach Employee orientedProduction/performance centred Suitable in flat organisation structureIdeal for tall organisation structures Involvement in decision makingEmployees not involved in decision making Teamwork is encouragedTeamwork is not promoted Innovation is promoted Does not promote innovation 1. 2. 1Advantages and disadvantages of soft philosophies of HRM AdvantagesDisadvantages Workers are motivatedThe organisation can lose money pleasing employees. There is consensus in decision making Some of the ideas may not be incorporated in the decisions A sense of belonging is createdEmployees may see themselves too powerful Tasks are decentralised to other departmentsMay be challenging to follow the same strategic goals Development of skills encouragedEmployees may desert the organisation after gaining experience 1. 2. 2Advantages and disadvantages of hard philosophies of HRM AdvantagesDisadvantages Production is increasedWorkers are not satisfied with their job Effective decision making Employees may not like the decisions The leaders know what is good for the companyDisgruntled employees Focus is on productionPoor performance of the organisation Helps to keep the system of the company in tactEmployees may not be able to keep pace with the changes in the environment 1. 3Justification of the soft approach The soft approach used by Toyota is commendable given that it is mainly concerned by the welfare and needs of the employees. This helps to motivate them such that they put optimum effort in their performance which is an added advantage to the company as a whole. The other reason is that the employees are satisfied with their job and it is easier for the organisation to retain talent. The other advantage is that continuous improvement of the employee skills helps them to keep pace with the changes that may take place in the environment. Knowledge management is a virtue during the contemporary period given that there is need for the employees to be better positioned to find solutions to the problems they may encounter in their operations. . 4Part B: Five soft HRM practices There are more benefits than costs of the soft approach taken by Toyota as going to be explained in detail below. Team work is promoted at Toyota and this is a very important aspect in the operations of any organisation. It promotes the creation of new ideas which can positively contribute to the overall performance of the organisation. Re spect for people is another good approach used at Toyota where the employees are treated as valuable assets to the organisation as a whole. Conflicts which can be counterproductive are minimised. Creativity and innovation are also encouraged and this approach is very good given that the knowledge of the employees is constantly developed. The organisation is in a position to operate viable which can also contribute to its productivity. The other soft approach is stable employment which makes it easier for Toyota to retain talented and skilled workers. The organisation does not waste money through constant recruitment of employees. The other approach is increased support for balancing work with childcare. This improves employee commitment to the organisation which makes them productive. Their satisfaction with the job is also improved. However, this can be costly to the organisation given that it may be paying people who are not productive while attending to their children. However, teamwork, respect for people as well as creativity and innovation are very important during the current period. Workers are developed to the extent that they can keep pace with the constant changes taking place in the environment. 2. 0 Harvard Model of HRM According to information obtained from the following website , (2011), the Harvard Model of HRM is â€Å"based on an analytical approach and provides a broad causal depiction of the determinants and consequences of HRM policies. † From this assertion, it can be noted that the HR policies are influenced by situational factors that are either within the organisation or in the external environment. These factors ought to be taken into consideration in order to enhance the effectiveness of the organisation in the long run. This model tries to map the factors that can be taken into consideration with regards to employee effectiveness. This model can be illustrated diagrammatically as shown below. Secondary source: . 2. 1. 1Towards defining HRM HRM is a system of philosophies, policies, programmes, practices and decisions that affect the attitude, behaviour and performance of the organisation so that they are satisfied, perform and contribute to the organisation towards the achievement of its goals (Amos et al, 2008). As can be noted in the case of Toyota, the organisation has put measures in place hat are meant to ensure that the interests of the employees are given priority so that they can put optimum effort in their performance. HRM can also be simply defined as the process of dealing with the issues related to human capital such as recruitment, training and development, addressing the employees’ grievances as well motivating the staff among other factors (Robbins, 1993). 2. 1. 2 Goals of HRM This is a twofold process where there is need to fulfil the needs of the employees while at the same time addressing the needs of the organisation in a balanced way. These two aspects are interrelated hence one should not be compromised for the benefit of the other as can be noted in the case of Toyota. 2. 1. 3 HRM theories Douglass McGregor (1960) proposed that managers have personal theories regarding the nature of people at work which become the cornerstone of management of their behaviour (Robbins, 1993). He proposed two distinct views of human beings: one basically negative, labelled Theory X and the other basically positive Theory Y. Theory X Under Theory X, the assumption is that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike responsibility and must be coerced to perform (Robbins, 1993). This theory suggests that people ought to be threatened with punishment in order to achieve the organisational goals. This approach is usually taken by managers who are more concerned with performance of the employees as well as productivity of the organisation as a whole. This theory is characteristic of the hard approach to HRM where there is little concern for the welfare of the employees since priority is given to the productivity of the organisation. This theory is not applicable to the case of Toyota. Theory Y In contrast to the negative views of human nature, McGregor assumes that employees like work, are creative, seek responsibility and can exercise self-direction (Robbins, 1993). If the people are committed to the objectives, they can have self direction and control and this approach is based on the soft philosophy of HRM. This approach is employee oriented given that there are measures in place that are meant to satisfy the needs and interests of the employees. This is the approach taken by Toyota whose operations are guided by two pillars namely: continuous improvement and respect for people. This emanates for the belief that people can put optimum effort in their operations if they are treated like valuable assets to the organisation. Contingency approach This approach also forms the theoretical perspective of HRM in that it suggests that leadership behaviour is subject to the situation in which the leader and follower find themselves in (Amost et al, 2008). The aspect of behaviour is prioritised since it characterises the nature of the human being. Likewise, the behaviour of the people is shape by various factors hence there is need for the HRM to take into consideration these factors in order to contribute meaningfully to the operations of the organisation. 2. 2 HRM strategies In brief, a strategy is a long term decision that is meant to improve the competitiveness of the organisation through adding value to its operations (Werner, 2005). Toyota seeks to create sustained competitive advantage through adding measurable value to the organisation by virtue of prioritising the needs of the employees. The two HRM strategies used by Toyota include the following: respect for people and effective team work. 2. 3 1 Continuous improvement and respect for people: There is a strong belief at Toyota that the employees are the organisation’s most valuable assets. If the needs of the people are met, they are also likely to be satisfied which motivates them to put optimum effort in their performance. This is the driving philosophy behind the organisation’s soft approach to its HRM processes. 2. 3. Effective teamwork and individual efforts: This is another strategy used by Toyota where teamwork is promoted in order to enhance the effectiveness of the organisation. Through teamwork, knowledge is easily generated and shared among the employees and this is very important in the performance of the organisation as a whole given that the employees are better positioned to keep pace with the changes obtaining in the environment through constant development of their skills and competenc ies from the knowledge they gain from the other employees. All hese strategies are supported by good communication within the organisation. Over and above, it can be noted that the soft and hard philosophies of HRM are applied to organisations in varying contexts given that these oppose each other. As noted, Toyota uses the soft approach in its operations with regards to human resources management. As discussed above, the advantages of this strategy outweigh the disadvantages hence it is recommendable for Toyota to keep this strategy since it significantly contributes towards the overall performance of the organisation as a whole. 3. References Amos, TL et al 2008, Human Resources Management, 3rd Edition, JUTA, CT. Grobler, P Et al 2006, Human Resource Management, 3rd Edition, Thompson Learning, London. Hall, J 1988, Managerial philosophy: The cornerstone of managerial competence, Woodstead Press, Woodlands. Harvard Model of HRM, 12 November, 2011, viewed 12 November, 2011, . The Harvard Map of HRM, 2008, Viewed 12 November, 2011, . Robbins, SP 1993, Organisational behaviour: Concepts, controversies and applications. 6th Edition. Prentice Hall, NJ. Werner, H et al 2003, Organisational behaviour, Van Shaik Publishers, Pretoria. Human Resource Management free essay sample In this case, the company simply has to commit to the task if they want to avoid unqualified interviewees. The second method is to try to plan the company’s hiring beforehand. Instead of advertising vacant positions to the whole supply of labor, the company can choose to hire from more â€Å"elite† sources. For example, the company can choose applicants exclusively from internal employees or referrals from current employees. In the former case the company already knows the applicants’ abilities; and in the latter case since current employees know first-hand what is needed in applicants their referrals will be at least better than average. Certainly there are some minor problems that needed to be solved but similar to the first method, the company just needs to weight the pros and cons and then commit to the plan. Above are two methods that can be of help to improve the quality of applicants. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resource Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is inevitable that these methods are not without flaws; but if the company truly wants to relief interviewers of unqualified interviewees then they will find these methods perfectly implementable. Human resource management free essay sample Bachelor of Science (Singapore) HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: STRATEGY AND POLICY (HRM2001S) STUDY GUIDE BSc20 FT / Singapore Copyright August 2013 1 Author: Dipan K Mehta (2013) This manual was prepared for University College Dublin as a comprehensive support for students completing the above mentioned Degree programme.  © This publication may not be reproduced, in whole or in part without permission from University College Dublin. Module Co-ordinator: Dipan K Mehta Email: dipan. [emailprotected] com 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE WELCOME MESSAGE 4 1. INTRODUCTION 5 a. Background details b. Module aims c. Programme Goals 2. MODULE OUTLINE a. Module learning outcomes b. Themes and topics c. Learning materials 3. MODULE DELIVERY SCHEDULE a. Session arrangements b. Student engagement c. Office hours arrangements 4. ASSESSMENT DETAILS a. Assignments b. Module assessment components i. Assignment 1 ii. Assignment 2: Individual Project iii. Examination 5. GRADING a. University grading policy b. Grade descriptors for assessment components 6 6 8 9 9 10 14 24 24 26 26 27 27 26 26 29 30 31 31 32 6. CONCLUDING COMMENTS 35 APPENDICES 36 3 WELCOME MESSAGE There are several purposes of studying HRM. We will write a custom essay sample on Human resource management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Human resource strategies are frequently seen as the key to the achievement of business objectives, to keep the companies competitive. The complex and rapidly changing environment have produced a sense of turbulence and uncertainty in business life. The adaptability of organisations has never been more important. The way the human resource is used strategically to achieve business or organisational objectives is the focus of this module. Business or organisational strategy may be described as the attempt to find ways to position the business or organisational objectives. This is achieved through maximising the present and future use of the organisation’s capital and human assets. The aim of the course is to provide students with an appreciation of the human resource management function so that they can understand the interaction between HRM and the business strategy. Should you require clarification on any matter pertaining to the module, please do not hesitate to contact me. Dipan K Mehta Module coordinator 4 PART 1: INTRODUCTION This Study Guide is designed to provide you with details of this module, the learning outcomes, delivery and assessment arrangements. The Study Guide consists of 6 parts. Part 1 gives background details to the subject area are provided and the broad aims of the module are set out. Part 2 consists of the module outline. In this part the (a) module learning outcomes, (b) the themes and topics to be explored are explained along with the (c) learning supports to be used. Part 3 gives details of the module delivery arrangements. It sets out the session arrangements and the expectations in relation to your prior preparation and student engagement. Part 4 provides details of the assessment techniques used in this module explaining the assessment components, their rationale. Part 5 explains the UCD grading policy and grade descriptors drawing on the university document are given for each assessment component (i) Assignment 1, (ii) Assignment 2 and (iii) Examination (closed book). Part 6 presents the concluding comments. 5 Background Details a. Background to the Topic This module will provide students with an introduction to the management of human resources. Among the areas covered are: ? human resource management (HRM) in context; ? human resource management and how it can be distinguished from traditional personnel management; ? the flexibility debate; ? human resource planning; ? recruitment and selection; ? reward and performance management; ? the management of change and communication and topical issues in HRM including human resource management in small businesses and strategies for retaining staff. The module provides for the blending of its theory and practice contents with the collective workplace experiences of the participants. To this end participants will be expected to contribute critical reflection on their workplace experiences along with collaborative interpretation of such experiences in both classroom and study group settings. Advance preparation for classes and workshops will be an important feature, with readings and questions for reflection assigned at the commencement of the semester. b. Module Aims The aim of this module is to provide students with an overview of the theory and practice of Human Resource Management. This module focuses on a strategic perspective wherein the HRM function supports an organisation’s business strategy with appropriate HRM policies and practices. The module draws on student prior learning and work experience and combines insights from strategy, international trade and investment theory, human resource management and other areas. The assessments in the form or written assignments and examination will cover the entire holistic perspective of human resource management. 6 Module Aims Human Resource Management is specifically designed to provide students with a sound theoretical and practical knowledge of all the key business-related areas in human resource management. This Programme equips students with the skills to apply scientifically-based techniques to work-related problems. Students learn to apply skills in human resource management, people soft skills, employee relations, international management, business strategy and human behaviour. This module also surveys the concepts and practices in the major functions of human resource management. Topics include human resource forecasting, human rights, recruitment and selection, training and development, performance appraisal and compensation, job analysis, work conditions ergonomics, employee safety and health, labour relations, international aspects of HRM. The course attempts to provide an insight into managing employees in general and as an overall management philosophy and also as a functional area of management in the new legal, financial, social and managerial systems. The module will also examine the influence of international organisations and international arrangements in particular countries and on the employment practices of multinationals. The module will give particular attention to the practice of human resource management in international companies, and the challenges facing such companies in managing human resources across national borders. The assessment tasks for this module have been designed with this in mind as detailed later in the study guide. 7 Programme Goals Programme Title: Bachelor of Science Singapore (HRM2001S) Programme Goals Programme Goal Learning Outcome HRMSP Management specific knowledge Explain current theory/practice in HRM X Apply business models and steps stages of HRM practices X Demonstrate knowledge of and the usefulness of quantitative techniques and controls in HRM Business Communication Short business presentation (written / oral) Research and analyse specific HRM case studies / problems / topics and write a concise report detailing the findings and recommended actions X Locate information sources to facilitate the completion of research on HRM practices. X Personal development / reflective learning Engage in module-related team activities within and outside class X Explain the essence of organization behaviour pertinent to business managers and how they may apply in the workplace environment X Global / multi cultural / diversity perspectives Identify the main factors and variables that influence multinational entities’ business operations in HRM X Recognize ethical and social responsibility issues that affect and impact HRM X Examine ethical and legal implications of managerial decisions and their effect HRM X Strategic thinking Identify business opportunities/problems and develop alternative solutions, taking account of possible consequences (intended or unintended) Evaluate qualitative and quantitative data from multiple perspectives paying attention to HRM issues Analyze developments in key business sectors and comment critically on a firm operating in the sector X 8 PART 2: MODULE OUTLINE Module Title: Human Resource Management: Strategy and Policy Module Code: HRM2001S No. of ECTS: 10 Module Learning Outcomes On completing this module, students will be expected to be able to: i. Demonstrate an ability to critically discuss contents of the module and illustrate how the course concepts are applicable in the workplace. ii. Discuss the concept of HRM and how it differs from previous methods of managing employees. iii. Demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of the challenges and responsibilities associated with human resource planning, recruitment and selection; reward systems and performance management. iv. Evaluate the interaction between HRM and the business strategy. v. Evaluate the interaction between HRM and the management of change. vi. Predict likely future developments and trends in the field of human resource management. Module Text: Fundamentals of Human Resource Management. R. A. Noe, J. R. Hollenbeck, B. Gerhart P. M. Wright, (2014). 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill, N. Y. Other References Fundamentals of Human Resource Management: Gary Dessler (2011). 2ndEdition. Pearson Higher Education. Human Resource Management. R. J. Stone, (2008). 7th edition, John Wiley Sons Australia, Queensland. 9 Themes and Topics Topic 1: Managing Human Resources 1. â€Å"It’s got to start with people! † Human Resource Management is more than pencilpushing and payroll—it can make or break the success of a company! 2. Human Resource Management (HRM) means the policies, practices, and systems that influence employees’ behaviour, attitudes, and performance. 3. Managers and economists have traditionally seen HRM as an expense, rather than a source of value. Economic value is usually associated with capital such as cash, equipment, technology, and facilities. 4. Human Resource Management, however, can be valuable! Decisions about whom to hire, what to pay, what training to offer, and how to evaluate employee performance directly affects employees’ motivation and ability to provide goods and services that customers value. Topic 2: Trends in Human Resource Management 1. The early years of the 21st century have shaken the complacency of U. S. workers and forced them to take a fresh look at the ways they are working. 2. More than ever, organizations today must be able to respond creatively to uncertainty and change. 3. A few examples of the types of changes occurring in the workplace are presented. These changes are requiring adaptability from both the employer and the employee. 4. The creative responses to change and uncertainty presented help to illustrate the kinds of people and situations that are currently shaping the nature of human resource management today. Topic 3: Providing Equal Opportunity and a Safe Workplace 1. In the U. S. , the federal government has set some limits on how an organization can practice human resource management. 2. In Singapore, MOM (Ministry of Manpower) has guidelines that all business must adhere to, based on managing human resources. Also, TAFEP (Tripartite Alliance of Fair Employment Practices) have formulated best practices for managing human resources of which employers are encouraged to follow. 3. Among these limits are requirements intended to prevent discrimination in hiring and employment practices and to protect the health and safety of workers while they are on the job. 4. A company that skilfully navigates the maze of regulations can gain an advantage over its competition. Topic 4: Analyzing Work and Designing Jobs 1. Key elements and their consideration are at the heart of analysing work. 2. Through the process of work flow design, managers analyse the tasks needed to produce a product or service. 3. A job is a set of related duties. 4. A position is the set of duties performed by one person. 10 Topic 5: Planning for and Recruiting Human Resources 1. With a bigger workforce, an established company needs more creativity to avoid layoffs. 2. Trends and events that affect the economy also create opportunities and problems in obtaining human resources. 3. To prepare for and respond to these challenges, organizations engage in human resource planning, defined as identifying the numbers and types of employees the organization will require to meet its objectives. Topic 6: Selecting Employees and Placing Them in Jobs 1. Hiring decisions are about finding the people who will be a good fit with the job and the organization. 2. An organization’s decisions about selecting personnel are central to its ability to survive, adapt, and grow. 3. Selection decisions become especially critical when organizations face tight labour markets or must compete for talent with other organizations in the same industry. Topic 7: Training Employees 1. Training consists of an organization’s planned efforts to help employees learn jobrelated knowledge, skills, abilities, and behaviours, with the goal of applying these on the job. 2. A training program may range from formal classes to one-on-one mentoring and it may take place on the job or at remote locations. 3. No matter what its form, training can benefit the organization when it is linked to organizational needs and when it motivates employees. Topic 8: Managing Employees’ Performance 1. Performance management is the process through which managers ensure that employees’ activities and outputs contribute to the organization’s goals. 2. The process of performance management requires knowing what activities and outputs are desired, observing whether they occur, and providing feedback to help employees meet expectations. 3. In the course of providing feedback, managers and employees may identify performance problems and establish ways to resolve those problems. Topic 9: Developing Employees for Future Success 1. Employee development is the combination of formal education, job experience, relationships, and assessment of personality and abilities to help employees prepare for the future of their careers. 2. Human resource management establishes a process for employee development that prepares employees to help the organization meet its goals 3. Organizations and their employees must constantly expand their knowledge, skills, and behaviours to meet customer needs and compete in today’s demanding and rapidly changing business environment 11 Topic 10: Separating and Retaining Employees 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Research indicates that retaining employees helps retain customers and investors. Organizations with low turnover and satisfied employees tend to perform better. Employee turnover refers to employees leaving the organization. Involuntary turnover occurs when the organization initiates the turnover. Many organizations use the word terminated to refer only to a discharge related to a discipline problem, but some organizations call any involuntary turnover a termination. 6. When the employee initiates the turnover, it is voluntary turnover. Topic 11: Establishing a Pay Structure 1. From the employer’s point of view, pay is a powerful tool for meeting the organization’s goals. 2. Pay has a large impact on the organization such as: a. Affects employee attitudes and behaviours b. Influences which kinds of employees are attracted to and retained by the organization c. Can align employees’ interests with organizational goals d. Viewed as a sign of status and success 3. Pay is a major cost to organizations. Across all industries, pay averages almost onefourth of a company’s revenues. Topic 12: Providing Employee Benefits 1. As part of the total compensation paid to employees, benefits serve functions similar to pay. Benefits contribute to attracting, retaining, and motivating employees. 2. Different employees look for different types of benefits. 3. Employers need to examine their benefits package regularly to see whether they meet the needs of today. 4. Employers need to communicate effectively so that the benefits succeed in motivating employees. 5. Employees have come to expect that benefits will help them maintain economic security. 6. Even though many kinds of benefits are not required by law, they have become so common that today’s employees expect them. 7. Like other forms of compensation, benefits impose significant costs. On average, out of every dollar spent on compensation, 30 cents or more go to benefits. 12 Topic 13: Managing Human Resources Globally 1. The environment in which organizations operate is rapidly becoming globalized. 2. Factors behind the trend toward expansion into global markets include: a. Foreign countries can provide a business with new markets in which there are millions or billions of new customers b. Companies can set up overseas operations and operate them with lower labour costs c. Thanks to advances in telecommunications and information technology, companies can more easily spread work around the globe, wherever they find the right mix of labour costs and abilities. d. Global activities are simplified and encouraged by trade agreements among nations 3. The various demands of international activities require managers to understand HRM principles and practices in global markets Topic 14: Creating and Maintaining High-Performance Organizations 1. High-performance work systems – the combination of people, technology, and organizational structure that makes full use of the organization’s resources and opportunities in achieving its goals. 2. To function as a high-performance work system, an organization needs the right people, technology, and structure. 3. According to research, organizations that introduce high-performance work practices usually experience increases in productivity and long-term financial performance. 4. Creating a high-performance work system contrast with traditional management practices. Recently, managers have realized that success depends on how well the elements work together rather than considering the elements as separate, unrelated items 13 Learning Materials For this module, please read the assigned chapters in the prescribed text and the additional readings assigned (see list below). TOPIC 1 Objectives Synopsis of Topic Managing Human Resources 1. Define human resource management and explain how HRM contributes to organization’s performance. 2. Identify the responsibilities of human resource departments. 3. Summarize the types of skills needed for human resource management. 4. Explain the role of supervisors in human resource management 5. Discuss ethical issues in human resource management 6. Describe typical careers in human resource management This introductory chapter provides students with foundations of Human Resource Management. Human Resource Management (HRM) means the policies, practices, and systems the influence employees’ behaviour, attitudes and performance. This chapter discusses the practices of HRM which include the analysis and design of work, recruiting, selection, training and development, performance management, compensation, employee relations, and strategic support for organizational strategy. HRM does not exist in a vacuum; it should be integrated into all strata of the organization. This chapter discusses a variety of internal and external considerations of HRM, including the responsibilities of an HRM Department, the skills of HRM professionals, and the ethics of HRM. Assigned Reading/ Exercises Case Study and Videos Discuss Review Questions. Questions Nos. 1, 2, and 3 (Noe, et al. , 2014, p. 21) TOPIC2 Trends in Human Resource Management Objectives Video – Creative Corporation 1. Describe trends in the labour force composition and how they affect human resource management. 2. Summarize areas in which human resource management can support the goal of creating a high-performance work system. 3. Define employee empowerment and explain its role in the modern organization. 4. Identify ways HR professionals can support organizational strategies for quality, growth, and efficiency. 5. Summarize ways in which human resource management can support organizations expanding internationally. 6. Discuss how technological developments are affecting human resource management. 7. Explain how the nature of the employment relationship is changing. 14 8. Discuss how the need for flexibility affects human resource management. Synopsis of Topic This chapter provides students with knowledge of the environment of Human Resource Management. This chapter will present trends in the labour force and it will explain the internal labour force (an organization’s workers) and the external labour market (individuals who are actively seeking employment). Students will read about how the workforce is becoming older and increasingly diverse. Students will acquire an understanding of skill deficiencies in the workforce and they will learn how HRM can address those deficiencies. The chapter will discuss how HRM can help organizations become highperforming, and the benefits of empowering employees. HRM is a strategic partner during other changes that are occurring in the business environment, including mergers and acquisitions, and technological changes. Lastly, the chapter will present the change in the employment relationship, where organizations expect employees to take more responsibility for their own careers, from seeking training to balancing work and family. Employees, in turn, seek flexible work schedules, comfortable working conditions, control over how they accomplish their work, training and development opportunities, and financial incentives based on corporate performance. Assigned Reading/ Exercises Case Study and Videos Discuss Review Questions. Questions Nos. 1, 3 and 4 (Noe, et al. , 2014, p. 51) TOPIC3 Providing Equal Opportunity and a Safe Workplace Objectives Case Study, See Topic 02 Video – Hotjobs. com 1. Explain how the three branches of government regulate human resource management. 2. Summarize the major federal laws requiring equal employment opportunity. 3. Identify the federal agencies that enforce equal employment opportunity and describe the role of each. 4. Describe ways employers can avoid illegal discrimination and provide reasonable accommodation. 5. Define sexual harassment and tell how employers can eliminate or minimize it. 6. Explain employers’ duties under the Occupational Safety and Health Act. 7. Describe the role of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 8. Discuss ways employers promote worker safety and health. Synopsis of Topic This chapter provides an overview of the ways governmental bodies regulate equal employment opportunity and workplace safety and health. It introduces 15 major laws affecting employers in these areas as well as the agencies charged with enforcing those laws. The chapter discusses ways organizations can develop practices that ensure they are in compliance with the laws. This chapter will provide guidance on avoiding certain illegal or inadvisable practices. It introduces ways to think more creatively and constructively about fair employment and workplace safety. Assigned Reading/ Exercises Case Study and Videos Discuss Review Questions. Questions Nos. 1 and 2 (Noe, et al. , 2014, p. 85) TOPIC 4 Analyzing Work and Designing Jobs Objectives Case Study, See Topic 03 Video – Working through a Medical Crisis 1. Summarize the elements of work flow analysis. 2. Describe how work flow is related to an organization’s success. 3. Define the elements of a job analysis and discuss their significance for human resource management. 4. Tell how to obtain information for a job analysis. 5. Summarize recent trends in job analysis. 6. Describe methods for designing a job so that it can be done efficiently. 7. Identify approaches to designing a job to make it motivating. 8. Explain how organizations apply ergonomics to design safe jobs. Synopsis of Topic This chapter discusses the analysis and design of work and, in doing so, lays out some considerations that go into making informed decisions about how to create and link jobs. The chapter begins with a look at the big-picture issues related to analyzing work flow and organizational structure. The discussion then turns to the more specific issues of analyzing and designing jobs. Traditionally, job analysis has emphasized the study of existing jobs in order to make decisions such as employee selection, training, and compensation. In contrast, job design has emphasized making jobs more efficient or more motivating. However, as this chapter shows, the two activities are interrelated. Assigned Reading/ Exercises Case Study and Videos Discuss Review Questions. Questions Nos. 1, 4 and 5 (Noe, et al. , 2014, p. 113) Case Study, See Topic 04 Video – Working smart 16 TOPIC 5 Objectives Planning for and Recruiting Human Resources 1. Discuss how to plan for human resources needed to carry out the organization’s strategy. 2. Determine the labour demand for workers in various job categories. 3. Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of ways to eliminate a labour surplus and avoid a labour shortage. 4. Describe recruitment policies organizations use to make job vacancies more attractive. 5. List and compare sources of job applicants. 6. Describe the recruiter’s role in the recruitment process, including limits and opportunities Synopsis of Topic This chapter explores how organizations carry out human resource planning. At the beginning, the chapter identifies the steps that go into developing and implementing a human resource plan. Each subsequent section of the chapter has a focus on recent trends and practices, such as downsizing and outsourcing, which are prevalent to human resource management. Throughout the remaining sections, an exploration into the recruiting process will be undertaken. At the end of the chapter, a discussion will be presented on the role of human resource recruiters. Assigned Reading/ Exercises Case Study and Videos Discuss Review Questions. Questions Nos. 3, 4 and 5 (Noe, et al. , 2014, p. 145) TOPIC 6 Selecting Employees and Placing Them in Jobs Objectives Case Study, See Topic 05 Video – Balancing Act: Keeping Mothers on a Career Track 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Identify the elements of the selection process. Define ways to measure the success of a selection method. Summarize the government’s requirements for employee selection. Compare the common methods used for selecting human resources. Describe major types of employment tests. Discuss how to conduct effective interviews. Explain how employers carry out the process of making a selection decision Synopsis of Topic This chapter explores ways to minimize errors in employee selection and placement. It starts by describing the selection process and how to evaluate possible methods for carrying out that process. The chapter then takes an indepth look at the most widely used methods such as applications and resumes, employment tests and interviews. The chapter ends by describing the process by which organizations arrive at a final selection decision Assigned Discuss Review Questions. Questions Nos. 2 and 3 (Noe, et al. , 2014, p. 174) 17 Reading/ Exercises Case Study and Videos TOPIC 7 Objectives Case Study, See Topic 06 Video – Using Interviews to Recruit the Right People Training Employees 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Discuss how to link training programs to organizational needs. Explain how to assess the need for training. Explain how to assess employees’ readiness for training. Describe how to plan an effective training program. Compare widely used training methods. Summarize how to implement a successful training program. Evaluate the success of a training program. Describe training methods for employee orientation and diversity management. Synopsis of Topic This chapter describes how to plan and carry out an effective training program. It begins with a discussion on how to develop effective training in the context of the organization’s strategy. Next, the chapter discusses how organizations assess employees’ training needs. It then reviews training methods and the process of evaluating a training program. The chapter concludes by discussing some special applications of training orientation of new employees and the management of diversity Assigned Reading/ Exercises Case Study and Videos Discuss Review Questions. Questions Nos. 2 and 3 (Noe, et al. , 2014, p. 207) TOPIC 8 Managing Employees’ Performance Objectives Case Study, See Topic 07 Video – Johnson Johnson eUniversity 1. Identify the activities involved in performance management. 2. Discuss the purposes of performance management systems. 3. Define five criteria for measuring the effectiveness of a performance management system. 4. Compare the major methods for measuring performance. 5. Describe major sources of performance information in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. 6. Define types of rating errors and explain how to minimize them. 7. Explain how to provide performance feedback effectively. 8. Summarize ways to produce improvement in unsatisfactory performance. 9. Discuss legal and ethical issues that affect performance management Synopsis of Topic 18 This chapter examines a variety of approaches to performance management. It begins by describing the activities involved in managing performance and then discusses the purpose of carrying out this process. Next, the chapter identifies specific approaches to performance management, including the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. It also looks at various sources of performance information. The next section of the chapter explores the kinds of errors that commonly occur during the assessment of performance as well as ways to reduce those errors. Then, the chapter describes ways of giving performance feedback effectively and intervening when performance must improve. Finally, it summarizes legal and ethical issues affecting performance management. Assigned Reading/ Exercises Case Study and Videos Discuss Review Questions. Questions No. 4 (Noe, et al. , 2014, p. 241) TOPIC 9 Developing Employees for Future Success Objectives Case Study, See Topic 08 Video – Now Who’s Boss 1. Discuss how development is related to training and careers. 2. Identify the methods organizations use for employee development. 3. Describe how organizations use assessment of personality type, work behaviours, and job performance to plan employee development. 4. Explain how job experiences can be used for developing skills. 5. Summarize principles for setting up successful mentoring programs. 6. Tell how managers and peers develop employees through coaching. 7. Identify the steps in the process of career management. 8. Discuss how organizations are meeting the challenge of the â€Å"glass ceiling,† succession planning, and dysfunctional managers. Synopsis of Topic This chapter explores the purpose and activities of employee development. The chapter begins by discussing the relationships among development, training, and career management. Next, it looks at development approaches, including formal education, assessment, job experiences, and interpersonal relationships. The chapter emphasizes the types of skills, knowledge, and behaviours that are strengthened by each development method, so employees and their managers can choose appropriate methods when planning development. The third section of the chapter describes the steps of the career management process, emphasizing the responsibilities of employee and employer at each step of the process. The chapter concludes with a discussion of special challenges related to employee development – the so-called glass ceiling, succession planning, and dysfunctional managers. Assigned Discuss Review Questions. Questions No. 3 (Noe, et al. , 2014, p. 273) 19