How Information Technology has Improved Management Process Research Paper

How Information Technology has Improved Management Process - Research Paper Example Following are some definitions. As described by Nirav S., management processes are defined as those processes which are performed by managers. Managers are commonly involved in planning, organizing, directing, motivating, controlling and decision-making. (Nirav, 2012) Management processes can be of many types and have many aspects attached to them. Information Technology: As per the free dictionary, Information Technology is defined as the development, installation, and implementation of computer systems and applications. (â€Å"Information Technology†, 2009) Information technology has affected organization and organization processes in many ways. It has changed the basic management approach by enabling them to access data from multiple sources at one time and then use this data in their basic functions of planning, controlling, decision making, leadership etc. As laid down by Eatock, Paul and Serrano in their research paper IT is considered one of the most important enablers of process change. (Eatock, Paul & Serrano, 2000) As described by Garvin there are three approaches to organization processes explained in the table below. EXHIBIT 1 An Organizational Processes Framework Work Processes Behavioral Processes Change Processes Definition Sequences of activities that transform inputs into outputs. Widely shared patterns of behavior and ways of acting / interacting. Sequences of events over time. Role Accomplish the work of the organization. Infuse and shape the way work is conducted by influencing how individuals and groups behave. Alter the scale, character, and identity of the organization. Major Categories Operational and administrative. Individual and personal. Autonomous and induced, incremental and revolutionary. Examples New product development, order fulfillment, strategic planning. Decision making, communication, organizational learning. Creation, growth, transformation, and decline. (Garvin, 1998) Management Processes In this part the managemen t processes are discussed in detail and a step by step approach to management processes before and after the implementation of Information Technology is discussed and compared so as to arrive at the advantages Information Technology has brought for the managers in carrying out the main management processes and decisions. There can be many types of management process like work processes, behavioral processes, and change process. However, all the said management processes are undertaken in the same step by step approach. As highlighted by Garvin, common examples of processes include new-product development, order fulfillment, and customer service; less obvious but equally legitimate candidates are resource allocation and decision making. (Garvin, 1998)

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

History - Essay Example This paper will highlight the causes of the revolution and how the changes brought about by the revolution affected freed black Americans. In addition, the paper will discuss the rise of Massachusetts and Virginia. The French and Indian war had negative effects on Britain. Although Britain went home with victory, the victory came at a prize. It had exhausted most of its finances. Consequently, in 1763, America had enormous debts to settle. Britain sought to formulate strategies that would help it settle the debts. It is at this time that they exposed the colonies to extremes of oppression. The government began a search of all trade routes identifying the smugglers who avoided the heavy taxes levied on the route. This affected American traders mostly. The sugar act also came into place requiring Americans to pay tax at a time when economic times were hard. The colonists worsened the situation with the banning of production of the American currency. Moreover, the colonists expected the Americans to provide the British troops with accommodation in act called the quartering act. The Americans opposed all these acts but the colonists multiplied them. In 1765, introduction of the stamps act that required Americans to pay tax on all paper products sold made their opposition fierce. Their opposition involved a boycott on all American goods. The colonies reasoned that it was unfair for them to suffer from the oppressive acts of a government in which they did not have a representative. However, the imperial government fueled their opposition by introducing an additional import tax and more boycotts resulted. In addition, other restrictions after the some colonial leaders attacked a vessel and interfered with tea on the Boston port after a monopoly allowed a tea company to dominate America. The thinking of American people was changing with time. Most of the people were reading literature that highlighted the making of social contracts and were slowly adopting liberalism a nd other schools of thought highlighted in the enlightenment literature. In addition, some revolutionary clergy had committed to teaching the truth about equality and this prompted the people to oppose any form of oppression from the colonial government. In 1794, the people formed an association that would tie them together to fight for their liberty. All these factors mentioned led to the rise of the revolution in 1775 (Frank 43-49). Rise of Massachusetts and Virginia These two colonies proved to have different structures by 1700. Background information reveals that the two colonies emerged through the efforts of English colonists who had left their home country due to unrest. Puritans who ran away from the different forms of harassment they faced in their country set up Massachusetts with its capital at Salem. The colony was independent of any rule or joint ventures with other colonies. The puritans introduced a hierarchical system that determined religious and family leaders. The colonists in Massachusetts emphasized sharing between the rich and poor. The colonists intended to create a society that promoted equity. In this colony, slave systems did not exist. Instead, the colony depended on children and members of the family structure to provide the necessary labor. Native American in this colony preferred to sell land and adopt the puritan lifestyle. In this colony, fathers assumed the role of managing and supervising the